Differences Between Beowulf and Achilles Essay

Beowulf and Achilles are different in many ways; one of which is their character. Beowulf is a great warrior and leader who fought to protect his soldiers and to make places more peaceful. He also perfectly embodies the values of loyalty, pride, and courtesy. Achilles, on the other hand, is not as heroic as Beowulf, even thought he was also a great warrior and had superhuman strength, he mostly fought for revenge, social position, and power. He was driven by a thirst for glory. Beowulf went on journeys because he wanted to show people that he is a reliable leader and that he can fight pretty much anyone from monsters to dragons and all the other kind of creatures. He also wanted to show people how brave and protective he was. Like the story of his fight with Grendel shows everyone how smart he is about certain things and how he is not afraid of doing anything. The part of the story where Beowulf killed the sea monster shows that he is a reliable warrior and that he gets his job done no matter what he has to do. As I stated earlier, Achilles mostly fought for social position and power, and the death of his best friend Patroclus, didn’t make Achilles more deliberative or self-reflective, wrath, pride, and bloodlust still consumed him. Achilles would also sacrifice everything just so that his name would be remembered. Which shows that the only that he mostly cares about was himself and what people thought of him. In my opinion Beowulf is more courageous because he would do just about anything to protect his people and that he is not afraid of anything. He also does that so people would find him as a reliable leader and wouldn’t be afraid to be his followers. I also think that he is more like a true epic hero because unlike Achilles, Beowulf isn’t selfish and he doesn’t seek for power or glory. He was a great warrior even though he didn’t become a king for many years. Beowulf was also more reliable than Achilles, because Beowulf cared about everyone, not just himself unlike Achilles.

Examine the theme of deception in Much ado about nothing Essay

The theme of deceit is apparent throughout the whole play and it helps to propel the plot forward. At the start of the play we are introduced to the idea that there is a gap between illusion and reality when Claudio is described as having â€Å"the figure of a lamb, the feats of a lion.† Despite being youthful, he is deceptively strong. Furthermore, â€Å"Lady Disdain† is presented to the audience as a contented maid, cynical about love â€Å"I would rather hear my dog bark at a crow than a man swear he loved me.† And Benedick is presented as a man who values his freedom and independence and proclaims that he would never succumb to marriage, he claims if he does his friends are free to â€Å"pluck off the bull’s horns and plant them in my forehead.† Both of these claims are false, as ironically, the two marry at the end of the play. The feuding pair, Beatrice and Benedick form a platform for the theme of deception as beneath the antagonism and mockery lies deep rooted emotions for each other. Their hatred is simply and illusion as a â€Å"false face† is presented to the world. Later in the play their love blossoms and Benedick’s views are ironically transformed â€Å"get thee a wife† Deception is further highlighted where Don Pedro offers to woo Hero on Claudio’s behalf. â€Å"I will assume thy part in some disguise.† Don Pedro’s dominance leaves the reticent Claudio no choice but to accept his offer and under a â€Å"mask† he woos the unsuspecting Hero. Deception is used here to form relationships. Masks are used to confuse illusion and reality in the ball Beatrice speaks openly about her thoughts on Benedick â€Å"why he is the prince’s jester† It is debatable whether Beatrice knows that Benedick is the stranger behind the mask but if she does happen to know this then she is deceiving him to make a fool out of him. In a lighter manner, Benedick and Beatrice are deceived into love by their matchmaking friends. In frivolous Messina the joy of courtship and matchmaking helps to highlight the trivial society in which they exist. Through eavesdropping they listen to false claims about love. Claudio claims that Beatrice is sick in love with Signor Benedick and â€Å"baits the fish† as they reel him in with intrigue and swelling pride. Similarly, Beatrice’s friends hope that â€Å"her ear lose nothing of the sweet bait we lay for it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and both characters are tricked into love as their friends orchestrate a cunning plan. The most prevalent form of deception is used when the malevolent Don John uses deception to break the fragile relationship between Claudio and Hero at the climatic point of the play. He uses the male fear of cuckoldry to forge and administer his plan. Through claiming, †the lady is disloyal† he deceives his brother and encourages Claudio to believe the innocent Hero is â€Å"soiled† deceit is used here to slander an innocent maid. Rather that fall foul to the shame of infidelity, Claudio publically shames Hero and refuses her on the basis that she is a â€Å"rotten orange† again suggesting that outer appearances can be deceptive and she is rotten at the core. This sparks a catalyst for further deceit where Hero â€Å"fakes† her death. False friendships between Claudio and Benedick are exposed â€Å"I must discontinue your company.† and the calm, tolerant Leonato is unveiled to reveal a more aggressive and violent character who fears dishonour and public shame. â€Å"hence†¦let her die!† he would rather his daughter die than face the public humiliation. The tangled web of deceit continues where Leonato insists that Claudio marry his niece who is infact the â€Å"re-born† and cleansed â€Å"Hero† of the story. Claudio is deceived into thinking that his bride is dead. His willingness to accept the unknown, â€Å"Which is the lady I must seize upon?† shows that marriage for social grace is more important than love but also shows his commitment to show remorse. Finally, the very language of Much Ado about Nothing helps to illuminate the key theme of deception as the pomp of the aristocracy and the use of elaborate language encourages the audience to assume a moral and ordered society; yet lurking beneath this lies sinister and deceitful behaviour often born out of jealousy and desire.

Task Dependency – Critical Path

Dependencies and Network Diagram The network diagram is a schematic representation showing the sequence and relationship/ dependency of the tasks along with their duration. All the tasks, except the first and the last, are linked with at least one predecessor and successor to have a proper sequence of work. This logical dependency between the tasks will determine afterwards the duration of the project.There are four types of dependencies which define the relation between pair tasks Finish-to-start (FS- the second task ‘successor’ can’t begin until the first ’predecessor’ is completed), Finish-to-finish (FF- the completion of the successor depends on the completion of its predecessor), Start-to-start (SS- the start of the successor depends on the start of its predecessor), Start-to-finish (SF- the finish of the successor depends on the start of its predecessor). Critical PathHowever the duration of the project is meaningless without identifying what i s driving the project, why the project takes so long, what possible action is required to shorten the duration or what possible risk may extend the project†¦ Among the set of activities interconnected on the diagram; there is always one longest duration path from start to end of the project travelling through the network, Carmichael D. (2006, p. 51). This longest path is also known as a critical path driving the project duration and all tasks falling on this path are called critical activities.Any delay which occurs on these critical activities will delay the project completion time as well. The critical path analysis is carried out in three steps. The first step consists of forward pass which calculates the early schedule (earliest start time and earliest finish time of a task). If a schedule activity has two or more predecessors, its early start is governed by the early finish time of the preceding activities whichever is maximum. The second step is the backward pass which ca lculates the late schedule (latest start and latest finish time of a task).If a schedule activity has one or more successor, its late finish is governed by the late start time of the succeeding activities whichever is minimum. Finally the third step calculates the total float and free float. It is therefore crucial to have dependency between pair of tasks in order to analyze the duration, critical path and critical activities of the project. Critical path helps the project team to complete the project efficiently and on time. Nonetheless critical path is dynamic in nature and changes depending on the progress of work, Furniss B. nd Trauner J. (2010). Constraints Wysocki (2012, pp. 205-209) explains that there are four types of constraints which each one has appropriate area of application 1- Technical constraint This is a dependency in which the successor activity can start with some output of the predecessor activity. According to Wysocki there are four types of dependencies under this technical constraint †¢ Discretionary constraint This is a judgment which may be introduced by the project manager to change the dependency between tasks and avoid further risk.Discretionary dependency is often called soft logic, Kerzner H. and Saladis F. (2009, p. 167). †¢ Best-practice constraint This refers to previous experience of the project manager or others in executing similar task to the present. In some circumstance, dependencies which come from past experience are part of risk-aversion. The dependencies vary from industry to industry either to faster production (SS) or to avoid risk (FS- mostly building construction starts after the design is finished) †¢ Logical constraintIt is a result of the project manger’s way of thinking or common sense to follow logical sequence between pair tasks in such a way the logic is reasonable and justifiable. †¢ Unique constraint It occurs usually when a specific/critical resource is required for the execut ion of several tasks. 2- Management constraint This constraint is imposed by the management and dependencies of tasks can be reversed to a better one should the need arise. 3- Interproject constraint My current project is a construction of student accommodation and has a specific requirement for the toilet to be installed in the student rooms.This toilet is called prefabricated bathroom POD which should be manufactured as a complete standalone unit with floor and wall tiles, door, shower tray, water closet (WC), bidet, hand wash basin, mirror, hair drier†¦ off-site. The construction of the pods is a separate project. The pods are, then, transported to the site, lifted with crane and installed in the building. The installation of external masonry blockworks on the main project can only start after the delivery and installation of pod is finished (see attached picture). 4- Date constraintThis constraint preset a fixed start or finish date for deliverable to make it happen on a sp ecific date. There are three types of constraints. The first and the most annoying constraint which I exercised on my current project is the ‘on this date’. In order to energize all the utility services and proceed with all subsequent testing and commissioning activities, we (the contractor) needed to know when the power supply will be provided/completed by the client. The client ordered the contractor to submitted programme of work applying a constraint â€Å"on this date† for power-on connection task.We prepared the programme accordingly and highlighted the client that the project will be completed on X date from the day we receive the power-on. Unfortunately the power-on could not happen on the specified date and ALL of our subsequent activities were affected. The sequence of work was totally distorted with difficulties to construe the schedule resulting negative float. ‘No later than’ is the second constraint you can impose on a task to limit the latest finish time it can be finished. This constraint can, as well result negative float.The third constraint is the ‘No earlier than’ which specifies the earliest date a task can be finished but cannot result negative float by itself. Conclusion In general the combination of different dependencies and constraints build the project schedule and form the network diagram which is a tool to understand the sequence of work and critical activities in the project. Carmichel D. (2006) Project Planning and Control London: Taylor & Francis Furniss, Brian J. and Trauner, Theodore J. (2010) ‘The Critical Path: Definition vs.Understanding’, Construct, 19(1), [Online]. Available at: http://ehis. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. liv. ac. uk/eds/detail? sid=89b2f511-7e34-41db-8676-5d3f40f45afe%40sessionmgr10&vid=1&hid=3&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=52161761 (Accessed: 05 October 2012) Wysocki, R. K. (2012) Effective Project Management: traditional, a gile, extreme. 6th edn. Indianapolis: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kerzner, H. and Saladis F. (2009) Project Management Workbook. 10th edn. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Child labour in Bakistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child labour in Bakistan - Essay Example The background on this country is clear as corruption dominates society. Most families are poor and cannot afford to raise their children. Hence, children are sold quickly to child labor for almost no cost in order to provide for their families. I think one area that could have been further explored in the government regulation against it. Since corruption is extensive, it is difficult to obtain correct statistics about child labor in Pakistan. Yes the presenter had a very good understanding of the topic. The speaker also had relative experience working with these kids. In addition, the presenter lived her for such a long time that they understood the social and environmental aspects. Moreover, the statistics that the person illustrated were accurate. The speaker insisted that even if the people wanted a social reform, such as the one that occurred in America during the progressivism era, the elite would oppress it. I felt that the presentation truly depicted the true reality of the ambiguities that exist in the Pakistani society. It was truly disheartening to see children being suffered so much. The topic is quite sad but is essential for everyone to acknowledge since it will be a social issue that will continue to be the focal point for years to come. The conclusion seemed appropriate because it called for an action and need to address this issue. The speaker insisted if more individuals would be aware of this problem, they can combat this issue together. Another interesting point that presenter pointed was companies outsourcing. These huge ambiguities exist because corporations want to thrive in the recessive economy. However, one cannot ignore the fact that labor costs are the only reason of outsourcing. Many American companies feel that huge amount of statutory laws and tariffs hinder the growth of corporations. In essence, the

Week 6 _Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 6 _Assignment - Essay Example It provides authentication as well as integrity of data and information of the user (Interpeak, 2005). IP Spoofing- An intruder connects to host server by duplicating his/her IP address when address-based authentication is been used. The IPSec protocol uses cryptographic authentication rather than address-based authentication for protecting from IP spoofing attack (Oppliger, 1998). Session Hacking- An intruder can connect to a server which is authenticated. At that point of time, IPSec helps to protect the connection as the intruder does not know the session key necessary for encrypting the data stream (Oppliger, 1998). Denial-of-Service- An intruder sends TCP messages to flood buffer space of targeted system but if there is IPSec protocol it will provide a denial-of-service attack and will reveal intruder’s identity if he/she is using original IP address (Oppliger, 1998). Application layer manages views of the user over the network. It defines about the processing of the application on different systems end communicate over the network. All the processes which are running in various systems or else end-users communicate with the help of application layer protocol (Rouda, 2006). XML stands for Extensible Markup Language, which is used to encode document in a format which is understandable by both human beings and machine. It facilitates to develop a common format of information in a flexible manner. Yes, it is possible to design a universal security solution at one layer. Generally, security suites work on one layer without collaborating with other protocols. A security system can be build with single layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. The OSI model is really a theoretical device used to help explain how the network and internet functions. When a Web communications is secured using Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) which is used for securing message transmission

Chapter 10 and 11 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter 10 and 11 - Assignment Example Actually, Wilson invoked the principle of confidentiality and sought to use it against the mandate of the rule of law.   Particularly, Nixon sought to exploit the idea that the principle of confidentiality was abstract enough to conflict the rule of law.   Thus, to defend his decision not to hand over the documents, Nixon argued that the right to confidentiality was the most paramount legal term. It is a fact that by 1972, Nixon’s appeal had started to wane. This follows the fact that he had been elected in 1968 mainly because of his â€Å"Nixon Secret Plan† that would have seen him stop the Vietnam War immediately he became president. Because Americans were decisively against the Vietnam War, Nixon secured the largest victory in 1968. However, four years later, he had not yet stopped this war. Growing nationwide antiwar protests and demonstrations which Nixon described as ‘a tiny but vociferous’ minority was an indicator of this waning popularity. To counter this unpromising development, Nixon controversially stated that there was a silent majority that understood the need for his administration to keep the war going, as an end to peace and honor (Chafe, 2009). The recession that raised inflation and interest rates to double digits also helped puncture Nixon’s popularity. The Watergate scandal also serves as a clear testimony that Nixon himself seriously considered his waning popularity a reality. At the time, there was a serious economic recession that caused interest rates and the rate of inflation to soar. The situation was deplorable to an extent that even Nixon’s imposition of price and wage controls miserably failed. High rates of unemployment, the falling supply of oil that made oil became subsequently expensive and an array of environmental crises and serious catastrophes such as the 1979 Three-Mile Island Nuclear Accident aggravated this feeling of helplessness in America.    It was also at this time that the War in

Essay (mass communication) Review assay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

(mass communication) Review assay - Essay Example The new media has made access of information easier than ever, it offers a communication and information in a delightful, interesting and useful manner. Theorists (Livingstone & Lievrouw 2006, Manovich 2003) asserts that media like feature films, television programs, newspapers, magazines, books and other paper based publications do not include in the new media. The new media has emerged as a forceful component of the modern communications during the past two and a half years. Before 1980s media users relied upon older forms of media including television, radio, books and newspapers. The new manipulative nature of the new media has raised many questions since the information disseminated through this can be controlled and distorted in order to achieve specific political, cultural, or social goals. Due to this force of the new media globalisation is taking place and the social and cultural values are expanding beyond the boundaries of specific nation states (Flew 2002). One of the most important features of the new media is its interactivity. Various users can interact to each other in a very effective manner (Manovich 2003). The interactivity of the information is also important since various sources of information are available on the internet which can be compared, contrasted and evaluated interactively. This feature allows speedy communication and convenient access to the sources of information. Plenty of theorists have presented their theories concerning the new media, its characteristics and its implications on the social, cultural, political and psychological values of the people using it. Sonia Livingstone is one such theorist who has shed light on the new media as an object of research. She is concerned with the every changing nature of the Internet as an object of research. Livingstone argues that the audio-visual based Internet of the late 2000s is extremely different from the text-based media of the late 1990s (2005, p. 12). Livingstone

Incarnation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Incarnation - Research Paper Example Thus, in the earliest state of Christianity, the Evangelists did neither elaborate on Jesus’s words â€Å"The Father and I are one†3 nor expound on the baptizing formula â€Å"in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit†4; which, according to Dibb, indicates that they were more concerned with the message of salvation, rather than with the theological detail.5 On the other hand, identifying Jesus as Christ and linking Him to the Father (Lord), the New Testament writers not just suggested the fulfillment of Jewish expectations of the Messiah, but also His divine status – the latter being considered the central point that has made the uniqueness of Christianity6. All in all, the whole Christian tradition could be considered as â€Å"recording and interpreting various collective and individual experiences of Jesus†7; while the experiential knowledge of Jesus, in turn, became more or less the basis of ‘philosophy’ in the context of Christology89. ... This paper is focused on the central concept in Christology, namely the incarnation, which actually represents the greatest challenge faced by theologians, philosophers and apologists concerned with the Christian faith and worship. The following sections explore the concept of incarnation as viewed by representatives of different schools of thought and traditions within the Christian Church, as well as by contemporary theologians and researchers in the field. Thus, the paper traces the development of this concept over the centuries and attempts to address its acceptability nowadays. Early Christian Writers – Views of the Nature of God The relationship between the human and the divine, the finite and infinite, in the person of Jesus, appeared an issue that increasingly required further articulation. St Ignatius, who became the Bishop of Antioch in 69 AD and was sentenced to death in about 107 AD, wrote a series of Epistles to the Christians, in which Jesus Christ is depicted as â€Å"God becoming visible†, â€Å"God existing in flesh, true life in death†, representing the mind of the Father12. Ignatius had philosophically described a progression â€Å"from divinity to humanity†, where Jesus Christ is not considered a separate being but a part of the progression whereby the mind of God had become flesh, and the â€Å"doorway to the Father†13. However, according to Ignatius, the human and divine in Christ does not interfere with the unity of God14. One of the earliest Christian writers, St Irenaeus of Lyons (120 – 202 AD), who served at Lyons as a presbyter to Polycarp, wrote his magnum opus – Against Heretics – at about 180 AD15. In this work, having exposed the errors of Gnosticism, Irenaeus set forth

Contemporary Exhibition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Contemporary Exhibition - Essay Example According to the essay  Cindy Sherman is a fashionable master of the socially critical photography. Often, she features as a key picture in the â€Å"Pictures Generation.† Sherman’s focus in picture photography has always been to call into the question relating to the seductive and more oppressive influence of the media over personality and collective identities. She calls for her audience’s attention by powerful technology and maquillage that lies back of the countless images that circulate in an unremittingly public persevered in culture. Amongst the unsettling themes lying behind her extensive series of personal portraiture in numerous guises falls under the sexual desires and the domination of the fashioning of her self-identity by the means of self-deception.From this paper it is clear that Sherman’s ideas in photography lie in the long convention of self-portraiture and the theatrical role-playing in the field of art. She uses the camera and the ve ry tools used in everyday cinema, for example, makeup, stage scenery, and costumes. These help her to create an identity that recreates common illusions, or the iconic snapshots signifying numerous concepts. The concepts she fosters are like a public celebrity, sexual adventure, self-confidence, socially sanctioned, existential conditions, and ultimately, entertainment. Sherman’s photographic portraiture intensely emphasizes in the present although extending a long custom in arts that makes the audience reconsider certain common stereotypes as well as the cultural assumptions.   

Young British Artists and the world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Young British Artists and the world - Essay Example Most art forms seem to go through phases and cycles of inspiration. Sometimes, it seems that the well of inspiration is particularly dry; during other times, like the wave of rising popularity for young British artists, particularly during the early and mid 1990's Not only has contemporary British art become more popular here at home, but also abroad. This has implications not only for the artists themselves, but also for the scope of mainstream contemporary art as a whole. Additionally, the whole of British culture is affected by this latest wave of young inspiration, as well as the world's view of Great Britain and British culture.In the late 1980's, British art entered a new exciting chapter-a new wave of inspiration was borne of apathy and confusion, and the hearts and minds of a new generation and breed of artists-those who would soon become known as the YBA's, or Young British Artists.The generation known as Young British Artists (YBAs) were born between the mid-1960s and 1970s , and emerged from the art schools in the late 1980s. In these educational establishments major changes were taking place. They registered a reaction to the then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who claimed that there was 'no such thing as society'. It was in this context that both teachers and students came together to consider contemporary life and culture head-on, (Nelson 2000) The beginning of this movement is most often attributed to a 1988 exhibit in London, entitled Freeze, and organized by Damien Hirst, while he was still an art student at Goldsmiths College. He would go on to become the most widely celebrated of the YBA's, but was accompanied by such artists as Tracey Emin, Cornelia Parker, Christine Borland, and Sarah Lucas, to name a few, (Tate Online Glossary) The notion of the young celebrity artist seems to be a fairly new one, with an uncanny cult-like following. The work of artists such as Tracey Emin, Damian Hirst, the Chapman brothers, and Grayson Perry had all but taken on a life of it's own in the 1990's. It can be argued that the art was essentially representative of the culture at the time, emerging simultaneously with the 'grunge' movement in music and lifestyle. Certainly it is no coincidence that the YBA movement seemed to begin at the same time that the grunge rock band Nirvana appeared on the global scene, emerging from Seattle in the United States, and making a trend of stoner nonchalance, torn jeans and flannel shirts, the epitome of 'cool'. It is not that the global grunge movement was a direct result of the artistic YBA movement in London, nor vice versa. Rather, the world seem filled at the time with a feeling of apathy for life; there were no major wars to be fought, and nothing to be won, just an ubiquitous haze of melancholy that seemed to infiltrate everything in its path. These angry youth burst onto the cultural landscape all over, forming a sort of cultural revolution, and then "screaming how fucked-up it and everything around it was," (Bracewell 2002). To be certain, "the label YBA turned out to be a powerful brand and marketing tool, but of course it concealed huge diversity. Nevertheless certain broad trends both formal an d thematic can be discerned. Formally, the era is marked by a complete openness towards the materials and processes with which art can be made and the form that it can take," (Tate Online Glossary). In theory and in practice, the YBA was essentially raging aganst life in general. The YBA movement, like the grunge rock movement in the United States, began as a socialist, anti-corporate, anti-establishment movement, rallying against invisible oppression, and finding common ground in the assertion and expression of the artist's idea of self. For them, depression, alcoholism, and poverty were a reality to be shared with the world at large. Tracey Emin, who is described as "one of the most prominent members of

Summarize the political, economic, and social developments from 1763 Essay

Summarize the political, economic, and social developments from 1763 to 1775 that led to the war between the American colonies and England - Essay Example The annihilation of the Stamp Act and unpopular taxes in 1765-1766 have improved the relations between American provinces and Britain but the American agents have felt that they are able to claim greater economic and political independence in creating and controlling the inner market. When William Pitt became the head of administration the tensions decreased to some extend in summer 1766, especially taking into account his Declaratory Act in which the American colonies were granted freedom in terms of inner taxation. Business and politics in England during the 18th century was based on the personal relations, such bonds as amity and marriage were of high importance in developing the trading community. For example, the religious beliefs tied men in economic ventures - Quakers dealt only with co-religionists. The Currency Act of 1764 was introduced by the Board of Trade and it was less severe than intended by the commission. Unlike the Act of 1751 which established the rules for bills, the new Act of 1764 was more a compromise among the merchants, agents and commissioners of trade. Such bill of credit was beneficial for the colonies because the money was already retiring and in the years 1766-1768 the amount of cash circulating was continuously decreasing. When the French and Indian wars were at the concluding stage, the protection of American colonies was perceived as the major task - the British government has sent 10,000 troops to North America in order to defend the new territories1. It has led to the constitutional disputes. The Grenville ministry realised that the price for protection was too high - the debt increased while the participation of American troops in colony protection was minimal. As the result, the colonial assemblies had devoted all their efforts to limit the agent's freedom of action and challenged their political authority in America. The arrival of the British troops caused the constitutional and political debates about the rights and freedoms of colonies. The Mutiny Acts were regularly passed as the part of the Revolutionary Settlement of 1688 while when there was an attempt to extend these acts to America, the questions regarding the personal freedoms of individual and the questionable power of Parliament in colonies were raised. Moreover, the troops had no permanent facilities and the local population was expected to support them with food and housing, however, in many colonies the civil authorities refused to provide any services to the British troops. In addition, very little was done to reduce the three-pence duty - the tax the Americans believed was prohibitive and slowed down the development of the Northern colonies. The ministry did not accept this analysis and passed the duty into practice, as the result, many of the officials executing this law were seized and imprisoned by the local authorities. Weakness of the British Administration During the winter 1765-1766 the British colonial policies were influenced the most both by the colonial agents and British merchants2. The Stamp Act was annihilated, the taxes on imports were reduced and the trade laws became less strict. Even though these changes seem to be not important and small, they became the beginning of separation from the motherland - Britain. The American Whigs have boycotted the British goods and managed to put

Sociology and Ethics Essay Example for Free

Sociology and Ethics Essay Sociology is the study of social life and social structure by examining the groups and social institutions in which people shape. Sociologists are concerned with the characteristics of groups, organizations, and societies, and how peoples behaviors contribute within these contexts (www. smsu. edu). A sociology major provides a wide range of opportunities that requires only the B. A. or the B. S. degree, because almost any career requires the kind of skills and knowledge developed in studying sociology. This major ranges from the study of family relationships to the study of large bureaucratic institutions in major industrialized nations. Sociology majors may enter hundreds of career paths. They may specialize in criminology, demography, family relations, gerontology, social welfare, sex and gender, race relations, social change, and social status. Sociology majors can find jobs in social service agencies, public relations, government agencies, educational institutions, hospitals, management, and human resources. Employers search for people with the ability to work well under pressure, and to be able to read and write analytically (www. jmu. edu). Being a sociologist involves ethnographical, epistemological, and ideological that set sociologists with the dominant culture. Sociologists are attempted to analyze accurate and precise data through scientific methods that are as objective as possible, without any biases. They rely on careful recording of systematic observations and accumulative of data (Schaefer, 8-9). These principles may conflict with general ethical issues of the clients rights and treatment with due regard for their integrity, dignity, and objectivity. This potential ethical conflict provides one of the reasons for the development of a Code of Ethics. In general, sociologists should practice this Code to resolve ethical issues that they face almost daily, and strive for value neutrality with respect to their research. According to Max Webers view, sociologists must practice value neutrality in their research. Weber pointed out that researchers may brings any beliefs they wish, but they must not confuse their own values with the social reality being studied (Schaefer, 74). When researchers work on an investigation that they find repugnant, and they bring their deepest morals or religious beliefs to the investigation, the end result will be unsuccessful. Sociologists should strive to maintain objectivity and integrity in the process of conducting sociological research and practice. It is sociologist responsibility to ensure that their own personal feelings or views do not influence the interpretation of data.

The Butler S Lifecycle Model

The Butler S Lifecycle Model Balearic Islands consist of four island which are A, B, C and Mallorca. Mallorca is the largest island of the Balearic archipelago which accounts for nearly three quarters of the land with 80% of its population in Balearic Island (Bull 1997, 140). It area has covered about 3640 kilometer per square with the 555 km of the total coast length of the island (Garcia and Servera 2003, 288). The climate of Mallorca is typically Mediterranean with moderate average temperatures. During the summer, the dry and warm season takes place. The annual rainfalls are 625 mm, with average temperature 16 celcius and 18 celcious except in the high mountain. With its favorable climate, extensive coastline and attractive beaches have lured visitors for many centuries. The butlers lifecycle model (1980), describes the growth, stagnation and decline phases of a tourist destination can be best apply in the destination of Mallorca from the growth stage to post-stagnation stage. In the period of exploration and involvement stages of Butlers model which started in 1930s tourism takes place in Mallorca act merely as an instrument for stimulating cultural and intellectual activity (Bull 1997, 141). Early development stage 1955s When it comes to 1955 Mallorca Island is in development stage where mass tourism started to grow during that period. There was a re-establishment of the tourist board that have significantly change the tourism on the island whereby the tourism become more closely associated with the development of package holidays and mass tourism from the growing markets in western and northern Europe (Pearce 1991 and Williams 1997). However in 1959, Spanish government took the initiate to simplify the procedure of visiting the country in order to modernize the Spanish economy through tourism by gaining overseas revenue (Stabilisation Act of 1959). The numbers of visitors started to growth constantly in early 1960s, majority of the visitors were dominated from UK and Germany in large volumes concentrated especially during summer season (Clark 1988) (Figure 1). Consolidation stage-1980s-1990s Between 1960s-1980s the consequences from the boom of international tourism to Mallorca, it led to an intensive resort development of the along the coastline. Most of the island originated from the rapid growth of cheap package holidays in the 1960s. However in the late of 1970s, many buildings, resorts and apartments were built in order to cater large numbers of visitors and growing number of the populations. Majority of these early resorts were portrayed by standard high-rise architecture, short of proper infrastructure and lack of planning, which are typical of the consolidation stages of Butlers model. Buswell (1996, 321) has described the growth of tourist resolution on Mallorca as unplanned and piecemeal, even chaotic. After that resorts have been subject matter to stricter planning laws which set up in the 1980s and 1990s. Subsequently Mallorca has maintained its popularity with tourists, particularly from UK and Germany moreover constantly attracts more than 10 m visitors per annum (Buswell 1996 and Government Balear 2003) Stagnation and Decline stage-1990s-2000s In late 1990s, environmental pressures begin to emerge in Mallorca regarding to the issue such as water shortages, climate change, overcrowding, and over commercialization as well as anti-social behavior by its visitors. This eventually causes an overall of decline in number of visitors arrive to its destination. In provisions of destination life cycle dynamics, the tourism product of Mallorca was beginning to stagnate and decline and required management planning and policy intervention to bring about its rejuvenation (Butler, 1980). Development of Mass tourism in Calvia, Mallorca Calvià ¡ is a municipality of Mallorca which is also one of the largest tourism receiving areas. It accounted about one third of the total flow of tourists to Balearic Islands. It covers 145 km ² and has a coastal strip of 56 Km of beaches and cliffs which make it as absolutely suitable destination for mass tourism. It offers accommodation for 120,000 bedspaces and with approximately up to 1.6 million visitors a year (Aguilo, Algere and Sard, 2005). Furthermore, with its location in tiny distance from the airport of Palma creates an easily accessible to the visitors. The population of the resident increased from 3000 in habitants during 1960 up to 30,000 in the late nineties (Dodds 2007). Since 19th century, tourism began to be as main economic activity of its island (Ministerio de Economia y Hacienda, 2005). Tourism development in Calvià ¡ boomed in the 1960s and has been based on short-term economic gain. As Aguilo et al. (2005) states, it was one of the first municipalities to experience negative effects of mass tourism. Lack of planning regulations resulted in urban sprawl and lack of environmental regard, similar to many Mediterranean resorts. The model of tourism development in Mallorca has been based on short-term interest, unlimited building out of tune with local conditions, and an unsustainable exploitation of exceptional natural resources. Tourist development took place in 1960s to 1980s and was hasty and unplanned. Economy In economic point of view, tourism is important as it create job opportunities, infrastructure development as well as foreign exchange. The unemployment rate is much lower than national average (Ministerio de Trabajo 2005) as there are about 31,793 people employed in restaurant-bars, 2057 in means of transportation rental, 483 in supermarkets, 398 people employed in souvenir shops and another 1,684 work in other tourist facilities. Meanwhile 1,402 involved in beach business and 18,003 are involved in providing tourist activities. It has been estimated that Calvià ¡ owns a total number of 61749 vacancies providing tourist activities (Molz 2004). It has 30% higher income per capital of national and 5% higher of E.U. levels (Ministerio de Economia y Hacienda 2005). Looking at these figures it becomes absolutely obvious 85% of Balearic Islands GNP is from tourist industry, and tourism is the major source of income for the municipality of Calvià ¡. Therefore its economy is entirely reli ant upon it. From the statistics numbers given, it can be conclude that there is high number of labour force joining the labour market, the tourist monoculture especially during the peak seasonal pattern, labour with a low salary system, and pressure of work during high season (Local Agenda 21 2001). Socio culture impact While tourism provides certain economic benefits to a region at least in the short term, it also causes disturbance to the local way of life. For the locals the concerns may derive due to the unfulfilled promises, destruction of an older and simpler way of life, inadequacy of employment opportunities or dissatisfaction with the economic changes which came with mass tourism development. Before tourism takes place, Calvià ¡ was fundamentally a poor and rural area with little outside contact and general history of emigration with its own language and culture of Catalan roots (Ruzza 2004). However tourism has wholly altered these features; a vast number of immigration from the Spanish peninsula arrived to fulfill the demand for labour created by the growth of mass tourism, particularly in the building industry and the hotel business. Consequent to that the temporary immigrant population, has gradually turn into resident, eventually this causes the loss of cultural identity, conflict over language issues, and lack of social integration within local and immigrant population and tiny participation in local social life. Although Calvià ¡ is Spains richest municipality and one of the richest in Europe, it has the lowest level of education in Spain which itself the lowest in Europe (Ayuntament de Calvià ¡ 1995). Besides, majority of employment are for waiters and house cleaner which are lack of trained skilled professionals. Consequences of too many visitors Reason tourist choose Calvià ¡ as holiday destination The persistence of the sun and sand model (2005, 222), describes that the reason induces tourists to choose the particular sun and sand destination include the climate of 76.2%, the beaches (51.2%), the price (36.4%), and the quality of the hotels (22.2%). Among all, climate is the fundamental reason followed by the beaches which induces tourists for choosing such destination. As a result Calvià ¡ received a growing number of visitors who travel to a mass tourism holiday destination attracted by the sun, beaches and the climate. Calvià ¡ were seen as a model based on value, in terms of price competition it has lure many visitors especially from UK and German with it standardization of the holiday experience (CIITIB, 2002). Social impact For the local point of view, visitors seem to utilize the physical environment from the local however the profit that generated from the visitors are not share with the local community. Thus it create adverse impacts on livelihoods and lack of benefit sharing with the local people who will bear tourism related costs to both the human and natural environment. Eventually conflicts arise between local populations with vast number of visitors as they need to compete for limited use of resources such as water, sanitation, energy and land uses. For tourists the view is often recapitulate with the statements such as this used to be a paradise but now it is ruined because of overcrowding, over commercialization or overdevelopment. The mass tourism tackiness and the variety of problems experienced in Calvià ¡ have too often created blemish alongside beautiful natural scenery; crowded with large numbers of tourists as if they were many cattle; ruined traditional cultures and occupational patterns by creating a insidious tourism industry characterized by low paying service jobs and manipulative values; and ignored the needs of local citizens and the community values that were inconsistent with pragmatic economic requirements of the tourism industry. Environmental impact The risen numbers of visitors and residents have immense environmental pressure in Calvià ¡. As mentioned in butlers life cycle, Mallorca was in the period of stagnation in 1990s may lay on the line by emerging environmental pressure particularly water shortages and climatic change. Inadequate water supply The issue of inadequate water supply especially during peak period and summer season, water supplies is exacerbated by visitors flows for use in hotels, swimming pools and golf course. According to the statistic documented in 1995, the water consumption by visitors amounted of 160 liters per day whereby resident is only 130 liters. High demand in energy consumption Annual consumption of primary energy in Calvià ¡ amount to 72,000 TEP per year of which only 2% is renewable. However, the consumption per day was 6.47 kwh and visitors consumption amounted to 2.14 kwh per night stay in a hotel (Dodds 2007). Pollution by Transports The emissions of carbon dioxide equaled 1,400,000 tones which 58% is due to transporting tourist in and out of Mallorca. In Calvià ¡ 1995 statistic,70 million journeys per year where 50 million where from visitors which are a major cause of traffic congestion. Urban waste In 1995 Calvià ¡ produced 41000 tones of urban waste with approximately 1.25 kg per resident / day however 1kg per visitors per day. Moreover the options for disposal were limited. The production of wastewater and solid waste in visitor areas often surpass the carrying capacity of local infrastructure due the high seasonal demand. Deterioration of the Land use Building development in Calvià ¡ has been excessive with mass occupation of sandy beaches and important enclaves along the rocky coastline. With over 60% of Calvià ¡ territory was affected by soil erosion. There was continuous land occupation by urbanization and development of new infrastructure damage caused by quarries and waste dumps and devastation by forest fire. According to an accounting of the distribution of the entire area of Calvià ¡ made by Schmitt () in 1991 the build-up-area has quadrupled in the years from 1968 to 1991 (+311.6%). However 57% of archaeological heritage were at high risk of deterioration. Overcrowded beach Almost 80% of the analyzed cases show overcrowding despite an urban beach or natural beach. There is a strong seasonal concentration of visitors between June and September because of the demand for sun and beaches. Subsequently this led to overcrowded beach with less than 6 m ² of beach surface per person with increasing anthropogenic pressure over the coastal zone (Garcia and Jaume 2003, 287). Solution Calvià ¡ is an example of a mass tourism destination which, from a result of tourism pressure in the late 1980s, faced significant economic, social and environmental decline. As mentioned by Butler (1993) tourism is an activity because of its reliance upon the maintenance of natural environment and natural processes, should lent itself toward sustainable development. In the case of Calvià ¡ the decrease of tourism numbers and Balearic Island as a whole driven regulations and efforts to move towards addressing the problems of the degradation of the environment, deterioration of social systems and facilities and the threat of further tourism decline. Definition of Planning and Policy The definition of planning is extremely ambiguous and difficult to define. Chadwick (1971, 24) states that planning is a process of human thought with an action based upon the thought in point of fact, forethought, thought for the future, nothing more or less than this is planning. Meanwhile Hall (2008, 90) supported Chadwicks ideas to conclude that most important aspect of planning is that it is directed towards the future. However, planning cannot be accomplished without policy because it is closely related terms. Wilkinson (1997) linked planning and policy by stating planning is a course of action, whereas policy is the implementation of the planned course of action. Planning and policy in the case of Calvià ¡ Calvià ¡ Plan for tourist Excellent 1990 The plan was developed in 1990 as to target the threat of decline. It comes along with the Balearic Autonomous community in cooperation with the municipalities as to modernize, improve and diversify the tourism. This plan included building clearance to regain open space, try to counterbalance the seasonal nature of tourism and training and employment. However this plan is mainly focused on the industry supply side instead of sustainability of the destination and host community did not involve at all. As a result, it did not attempt to overcome the growing issues that have arisen. Calvià ¡ Local Agenda 21 (LA21) 1995 At the end of 1994, the Town council of Calvià ¡, together with a range of working groups, drew up the Local Agenda 21 for Calvià ¡ as a long term strategies integrated with economic, social, territorial and environment actions. In formulating LA21 in 1995 and Action Plan in 1997, the Municipality of Calvià ¡ actively involved the support of local community, all the stakeholders, NGO as well as national and EU governments. The key objectives for LA21 Calvià ¡ concentrating on entering a new culture based on sustainable and participatory urban and tourism planning; emphasize environmental management of the destination, look for for agreement and consensus with social representatives, control development and act for more stable employment in the area. (Calvià ¡ Agenda Local 21, Mallorca, Spain 2004). In 1998 New Balearic Law in Calvià ¡ was set out as to limit accommodation growth, restore existing hotels and to protect 40% of natural areas. The objectives of the LA21 comprises of 10 strategic lines of action and 40 initiatives. Key results that have been achieved since the implementation of Calvià ¡s 1997 plan The LA21 Action Plan which were set out in 1997 were seems to have improvement in a general movement toward sustainability within the region and as Calvià ¡ is fairly autonomous, it was able to adopt and implement many initiatives without the need for collaboration from higher government. Among those key results that have been achieved since the implementation of the LA21 action plan are stated below: Planning and Regeneration Zero increase in number of hotels and apartments as well as drop of 200 beds 1993-2002-about 30 building clearance plan actions were carried out including actual building demolition and the purchase of urban plots to prevent further construction. Demolished buildings of the entire surface area reaches more than 13,500m ². Upgraded area in Magaluf Palma Nova tourist area by creating pedestrian zones and planting tree as to improve the overall quality of the area. 32 km cycling and walking path was built in Paseo de Calvià ¡ Environmental instruments Tax on water for conservation and awareness campaigns promoting its use and conservation established Recycling urban waste reduction plans to ensure 70% of all urban waste is separated at origin, facilitating reducing cost of recycling effort, minimizing land fill. Termination of sea dredging previously used to generate beaches and more environmentally friendly measures put in place to minimize erosion New regulating for limiting anchor damage harbor congestion caused by boats Establishment of marine park terrestrial protected areas as to protect wildlife ecosystems Economic instruments Impose an eco-tax in 2002 by Balearic Government; the funds were used to carry out Calvià ¡ council rehabilitation and regenerative projects. Voluntary instruments Renovation programmes for hotels, tourist accommodation and tourist facilities established to upgrade quality and attract a higher yield tourist Socio cultural instruments Programmes to combat crime, housing and other social issues Multi-cultural and social programmes such as dance, underwater photography and language classes established to help integrate immigrants into Mallorquin culture. Calvià ¡ has been recognized internationally for its efforts conclusion Calvià ¡ 2.0 The development of mass tourism in Calvia, Mallorca. 2.1 Definition of Mass Tourism Over the last decades, tourism has increasingly playing a vital role as a source of economic sector despite for many developed and developing countries. The tourism industry has given an opportunity to millions ofpeople to travel internationally, as travel and recreation are becoming more accessible to people,it is knowable to be the world leading economic sector during this decade.

A Self Evaluation and Personal Goal Setting

A Self Evaluation and Personal Goal Setting You are about to graduate from the UMA Teacher Certification Program. What are you immediate plans and goals? Well yeah!!! I am going to graduate from UMA Teacher Certification Program and my plans are to further study for Elementary Teaching Certificate and am enrolled with The College of New Jersey for summer course 2010 in Bangkok and from March 1st 2010 I have taken up for my 3 credit courses in Thomas Edison State College, beginning with English. It is a busy schedule for me for a year and a half and my goal is to achieve my target to be a recognized international teacher. Apart from that, my immediate plan is to apply here in international schools to work as a pre-school teacher and end my career working as teaching assistant. What are your long-range plans and goals? My husbands job is transferable and I have to follow him wherever he is been put up and my long term goals are to get settled as a teacher especially for 3 to 4 year old in international schools or even in India. Internationally recognizable is more beneficial because I want to be different from my mom and my other family members who are teachers in local schools in India. Right now in china, I do have a lot of scope to work as Montessori teacher and I will start applying in different schools after I receive my UMA certificate, so am anticipating it with great anxiety. My goals are to nurture each childs desire to learn by himself, learn steadiness, teamwork, encourage positive feelings about oneself and help a child in developing his/her social skills, expressive growth and physical management. How has the Montessori training experience changed your views, outlook, and/or life in general? Montessori studies do have a great impact on my personal behavior and attitude towards children. I have learned how to be patience and loving and caring towards children. I feel myself being prepared spiritually and I do experience these changes in my classroom here where I allow my children free choice with limits. I observe them and try to find out how much they have been upgraded being in class since the day one. I plan a lot of stuffs for each and every child to make them work independently. My dressing style has changed a lot. I used to be a Disney fan and wear a character t -shirt and now I have changed to simple and sober clothes. I place activities on the tables in one corner of my classroom and observe how children perform it and how they take interest in it though I work in a traditional pre-school. I do take these activities during center time and observe children and their joy into learning the activity. I can provide a well prepared environment that meets the development al need of a child. I can help each child realize his/her potential and nurture a life long love for learning in a child. What do you believe are your strengths as a Montessorian? My strengths are patience and friendliness. I am very organized and have a passion for learning. I am creative and love art and music. I am a good communicator and above all I love children a lot. As a Montessorian, I can exhibit my strength in having a thorough knowledge in each activity and show interest in every child through a detailed observation. What do you believe are your weaknesses as a Montessorian? I personally donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t find any weakness in me as such but am a strict teacher and much disciplined person in my life. I would love things to be in the right place and love a clean and neat environment. My greatest weakness is running towards perfection. I love everything to be perfect and also expect everyone near me to be perfect as well. Also I would think that a child should understand when taught once about a topic and should not make us teachers repeat things again and again. I sometimes get on my nerves when things have to be repeated many times to the same child like writing the letters neatly on a 4 lines sheet. My stern looks at times which I think I need to stop and try to be lenient. What aspect of the program do you consider to be the most significant in your personal estimation? Why? The most significant aspect of the program was the Skype calls because my doubts were all cleared so very clearly and patiently and I really liked the amount of dedication it was through my tutor Trudy, which can never be forgotten. Initially I was scared of a Skype call to clear doubts, but it was a great way to learn online and clear doubts and mistakes. I appreciate the efforts taken by my tutor to simplify all my doubts in a short span of chat and very clearly and precisely. Also my evaluations were never harsh or badly evaluated Evaluations were always fair and encouraging in all aspects. Encouraging words were always used that motivated me to dedicate myself to study calmly and now finishing my course on time. Other than having the physical hands-on experience with the materials, do you feel that you are prepared to be an affective Montessori teacher? Why or why not? I am prepared to consider myself as an affective Montessori teacher because I know the basics of what are the qualities and roles of a Montessori teacher and I am anxious to use my potentials for having my own classroom with Montessori materials and then watch the children perform the activities and observe the environment as an eye of a teacher, because till now I have been observing as a Montessori student. I am confident that I can be a better teacher and am willing to learn more and this can be done by experiencing the Montessori environment and so I would love to work as a Montessori teacher if I get a chance to. What final comments do you have for UMA? Thanks. My expectations were exceeded. UMA definitely did so much for me, I can say it helped me get where I am now. UMA nurtured me with so many strengths and taught me so many new things to brighten my future and foresee a new world in front of me. I appreciate UMAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reputation for academic excellence and educational integrity. UMA provided a flexible and high quality learning opportunity. My tutor was very friendly, helpful and approachable. She was very good, considerate, and sort of shepherded me through my whole course. UMA provided Montessori lessons that provided applicable experience and education. I could work in my own space and pace. I could manage work, home and studies. The education I received from UMA was worth my time and money. How do you foresee UMA being a continued benefit to you in the future? Finishing my Montessori Certificate is like a tremendous leg up for me in terms of marketability. The online studying experience was pleasant and enlightening. I feel validated. I feel qualified. UMA fostered me with a bright career which am sure is going to be very beneficial in my career. The experience was very fulfilling and has given me a lot of strength and a lot more self-esteem. I feel am a step ahead in my career academically and professionally.

lord of the flies :: essays research papers

The novel Lord of the Flies was full of challenges that the boys overcame in order to survive. Conflicts within themselves, with nature and with each other constantly test the children’s ability to endure. Struggles against the natural elements of the island, rival groups or fear of the unknown continually appear throughout the story. Some of the boys on the island did not survive the quarrels that they faced. They perished because they were lacking something that the surviving boys did not. The survivors had a natural primal instinct or a physical or mental advantage over the boys who did not make it. ‘Only the strong survive’ is an important element that runs through the novel Lord of the Flies because in order to survive the boys must turn to their primitive instincts of physical strength and savagery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the three children who did not survive the island was the mulberry colored birthmark boy. He represents the weaknesses and insignificance of all the littluns that are on the island. The littluns are younger, less developed and less experienced compared to the older children. As a result the littluns are at a disadvantage to the other boys. The mental weakness of the littluns is evident when they talk about their fear of a monster on the island: â€Å"He still says he saw the beastie. It came and went away again an’ came back and wanted to eat him.†(35). As most young children do, the littleuns confused fantasy with reality and as a result a monster was believed to live on the island. The littluns lack of maturity and concentration is shown when Ralph and Simon are building the shelters and Ralph says, â€Å"I bet if I blew the conch this minute, they’d come running. Then we’d be, you know, very solemn, and someone would say we o ut to build a jet, or a submarine, or a TV set. When the meeting was over they’d work for five minutes then wonder off.†(51). The death of the mulberry colored birthmark boy clearly shows that the littluns are insignificant to the other children on the island. When the children built the fire on the mountain and the flames caught on the canopy below Piggy realizes that the mulberry colored birthmark boy was not with them. Piggy shows the littluns’ insignificance when he says, â€Å"That little ‘un-‘ gasped Piggy-‘him with the mark on his face, I don’t see him.

Relationships Essay -- essays research papers

How have three texts you have studied enhanced your understanding of relationships? Refer to Maestro and two other texts of your choosing? Relationships are a complex part of today’s society and affect all areas. All relationships are different, and they influence the decisions made by people and others around them. The three texts ‘Maestro’ by Peter Goldsworthy, ‘Dead Poets Society’ directed by Peter Weir and ‘Goodnight Mr Tom’ by Michelle Magorian all enhance the understanding of relationships. These three texts, all show various types of relationships, are all presented in various ways. The main relationship presented in ‘Maestro’ involves the unlikely friendship developed between a teacher (Keller) and his student (Paul). The main relationship in ‘Goodnight Mr Tom’ is rather similar and involves the relationship between an elderly man (Tom) and an evacuee he was forced to take on- a young boy (Willie). Finally the main relationship exposed in ‘Dead Poets Society’ is between a teacher (John Keating) and his pupils including Neil and Todd. All of these relationships in these texts enhance ones understanding of relationships by techniques used. ‘Maestro’s’ unique technique, is not only the use of first person, but how the whole story is a combination of flashbacks and memories by the narrator Paul of when ‘he was only a child’. From this perspective, the narrator reflects back on this enchanted period of childhood and adolescence. His relationship with Keller is very cold at first, and we know this is misleading through the first line when Paul quotes ‘First Impressions? Misleading, of course. As always’. The first chapter is about Paul and Keller, and how they do not get along. Through the first line, we know that this is a false impression of their relationship and that it will improve. This line that Paul recites, generally describes all relationships. They are false on first impressions, as the person is not familiar to you. ‘Goodnight Mr Tom’ has a traditional layout, with chronological chapters, and written in third person. When Tom first meets Willie, it is an awkward experience for Tom, and a frightening experience for Willie as to Willie Mr Tom ‘was a towering giant with skin like coarse, wrinkled brown paper and a voice like thunder’. However as one continues through the book it is recognized that William Beech and his relationship with Mr.... ...es, moreover, he truly believes that he is not able to write poetry. However, John Keating neither gives him an "F" nor lets him sit down however makes Todd believe in himself. He says: "Mr. Anderson thinks that everything inside of him is worthless and embarrassing, isn't that right Todd, isn't that your worst fear? Well, I think you're wrong, I think you have something inside of you that is worth a great deal." Saying this was enough to make Todd believe that he is just as any other students of his class is able to write a poem. When individuals experience success, they grow in self-confidence and as their self-esteem grows, they will feel more comfortable to face new challenges. Weir tries to convey that sometimes to achieve that confidence, a mentor is required, someone who can bring you up when you are down. The novels ‘Maestro’ by Peter Goldsworthy, ‘Goodnight Mr Tom’ by Michelle Magorian and ‘Dead Poets Society’ directed by Peter Weir all convey various messages to enhance the understanding of relationships. Through the use of various techniques such as characterization, themes, and music, these texts emphasize the importance and value of relationships.

The Toltec, Aztec, and Mayan Indian Tribes Essay -- Pre-Columbian Hist

The Toltec, Aztec, and Mayan Indian Tribes TOLTECS> The Toltecs were an Indian tribe who existed from 900 A.D. to 1200. They had a capital city of Tollan, and their influences reached south to the Yucatan and Guatemala. They were a composite tribe of Nahua, Otomi, and Nonoalca. The Tolt ecs made huge stone columns decorated like totem poles. AZTECS> Aztecs were an American Indian people who rule an empire in Mexico during the 1400's and early 1500's. They practiced a religion that affected every part of their lives. To worship the Aztecs built towering temples, created huge sculptures, and had human sacrifices. The center of Aztec civilization was a river valley in Mexico. The emperor of the Aztecs was called the "huey tlatoani" (great speaker). A council of high-ranking no bles chose him from the members of a royal family. The Aztec society had four main classes nobles, commoners, serfs, and slaves. The typical Aztec household consisted of a husband and wife, their unmarried children, and a number of the husbands relative s. Boys were educated by...

Epilepsy: Seizure and Accurate Time Adjustment Essay

Epilepsy is a nervous system derange that produces sudden, penetrative bursts of electrical activity in the psyche. This abnormal electrical activity in the brain ca single-valued functions ecstasys, which may briefly worried a souls muscular tissue control, movement, speech, vision, or awargonness.My definition of Epilepsy is pretty frequently the same however, I would non realize used the word briefly as it makes it sound so short lived. Seizures washstand last anywhere from a a couple of(prenominal) seconds up to a few minutes. To set down an accurate time adjustment use this comparison, for every second you ar in a gaining control you argon putting to death galore(postnominal) times the brain mobile ph onenesss than if you were not. render into this equation that the lack of oxygen to brain while in a transport as well as increases the rate of brain cell death. each second come forwardright feels alike an hour.Then figure in that if it is a Grand-mal seizur e where every second of turbulence is physically compared to 30 minutes of intense aerobic exercise, now you fuel commence to get somewhat of an idea. To get an even so better picture let me let off what happens after the seizure. Disorientation not know where you are when you come out of a seizure. Sometimes not knowing who you are or anyone else around are. No fancy of what day or time it is.physically After having a Grand-mal seizure you are physically drained and tired. After getting the strength to get moving again, you now halt a major migraine headache which lasts for close to an other(a) day, and it gets worsened with every eye movement.Having one seizure does not an Epileptic make. An Epileptic has more reoccurring seizures. There are many other ways to have seizure for instance head injuries other illnesses may also cause seizures like high fevers. These seizures unremarkably will not happen again after the illness or disfigurement has been taken care of and has gone away.In the US, more than 2.3 million people are affected by seizures, and an estimated 3% of the people ( most 7.2 million people) will experience at least one seizure during their lifetime. (This does not count the 5% of children who have seizures caused by fevers.) It affects all age groups. About 14% of epilepsy patients are nether 15 eld old and 24% are over 64,with 62% being between those ages. Every category between 25,000 and 40,000 Ameri contribute children have a first seizure that is unrelated to a fever. Epilepsy is decreasing in childhood simply increasing in the elderly, plausibly because of mild strokes and cardiac arrest.Some children with Epilepsy real grow out of it as they lay adult hood or suddenly after. Many people with Epilepsy can be treated with drugs or other radiation diagram of treatment and can go on with little to no change in their lives. Unfortunately, there are otherswho have seizures for no apparent reason and are so sporadic th at they cannot be controlled, and the best you can hope for is some relief.Those who have their Epilepsy under control can get a drivers license as long as they are seizure free for 1 year. This used to be 6 months but has gone up. Epilepsy is all round disquietude. fearfulness of what others will think, fear of what you will do when having a seizure. Fear of killing others if you do go and get a drivers license. I mean, can you imagine waking up from a seizure and finding that you cloud your truck through a teach yard. NEW YORK, whitethorn 24 (Reuters Health) Media stories about the brain disorder epilepsy are frequently inaccurate and contribute to age-old stereotypes of patients as possessed and violent, researchers calculate.Persistent myths about epilepsy, such as the ancient belief that it is a demonic disorder, can result in discrimination, emotional difficulties, and reluctance to seek impressive treatment, explain Dr. Gregory L. Krauss from the Johns Hopkins Unive rsity in Baltimore, Maryland, and colleagues.These images may be shameful to the 2.3 million patients who suffer from epilepsy. Further, they can encourage bystanders to respond incorrectly to seizures, the researchers get across in the May issue of Neurology.For example, both thirds of Americans would try to free a persons tongue during a seizure despite recommendations that such an attempt could be dangerous to both the bystander and the patient. This example is a good one to show how fear completely overtakes the actual thinking process. It is unthinkable for anyone to swallow their tongue, it is attached to the lower fate your mouth. But this is usually the first social occasion that someone with little more solace than the others standing around would think.Having seizures when you are at school also brings around many other stereo types like That son must be on drugs, hey I was but they werent working. Or how about this one on school report cards, Your child does not pay upkeep in class or how about being labeled the class jackass because you are purposely seeking direction by throwing yourself on the floor and playing retarded. Children having Epileptic seizures are ridiculed through out their school. Seizures like Grand-mal can cause one to lose control of their bladder and bowels. A 4 or 5 year old having seizures would then be uncanny for having them and a baby for having an accident in their pants.BibliographyMedical Encyclopedia, MSN Health 2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. May 3, 2002 http//content.health.msn.com/content/healthwise/74/18511.htm Healthwise, Incorporated, P.O. Box 1989, Boise, ID 83701Saveon Epilepsy.com http//www.sav-onepilepsy.com/savonhealth/savonmain/centers.aspx? correspond=Epilepsy&cat=0&catID=1&subCat=Overview&subCatID=3Neurology Channel, Media Stories Perpetuate Epilepsy MythsAuthor Suzanne Rostler http//www.neurologychannel.com/NeurologyWorld/media.shtmliv Raymond D. Sears, II Epileptic, Author of Go progress to the Dirty Laundry.

Social Networking Is Bad for Teens

Imagine this A utopian society that doesnt ache the dangers of cyber bullies or cyber push around. No more headlines or word articles talking nigh the girl who killed herself beca practice session she was cyber bullied on a complaisant networking site. In a society where you tolerate relax and precede those thoughts at the back of your mind to the highest degree what people stand for ab push through you everyplace that well-disposed networking site. Unfortunately, thats fantasy, be perform teens ar eternally using these sites, which rat malarkey to a danger exact by little every day.For those teens that abundantly use societal networking sites, you may think it give-up the ghosts you jubilance and entertainment, further social networking sites are much worse than you think. agreeable networking is nasty for teenagers be sustain it is distracting, it often leads to miscommunications and faults, and it is dangerous. To bring down with, social networking is ma rvellous because it is distracting to teenagers. Some teens that have homework to do are somemultiplication hoarding the com tramper, social networking instead of doing their homework.When their parents would itemize them to do their homework, theyll say theyll get to it. Do you think they were actually listening time commenting on their title-holders meet on Facebook? They were probably not. This distracting obsession bum also have an effect on their English grammar. Some English teachers are disappointed to see some students use the chat language, which is commonly utilise in social networking sites. This includes lol, btw, brb, ttyl, l8r, etc. Social networking do-nothing also lead to the outlet of focus in school.According to News directly News, Nearly half of the five hundred teachers surveyed consider that this obsession affects childrens ability to concentrate in class and follow the lessons. Students can be distracted during a lesson, thinking about that person the y sent a confederate bay to, or if anyone commented on their impertinently uploaded picture. This obsession about social networking is distracting to teens, and is preventing them to from acquire back on track in school. Not only is social networking terrible because it is distracting, scarcely it can also cause miscommunications and interprets.Now imagine you have your birthday ships company coming up and you invite your spic-and-span fri cobblers last. The fuss is that your new fri barricade doesnt cheat where your house is. Through Twitter, you give directions to your house. Your big day is here, and an hour later, your friend still didnt express up. Eventually, you mystify out that she ended up somewhere else from the directions that were written in a kind of chat language that she couldnt understand. The close thing you k right away is that youre in a advertize with your friend over a miscommunication by a social networking site.Fights commonly occur between tee ns through a miscommunication or a misunderstanding from a social networking site. Another meshing that could result in a fight is if you extend a comment or upload a picture on a social networking site, and your friend takes it for something else and finds it offending. possibly you were just nerve-racking to be sar founderic, however thats not how your friend proverb it. One of the most common results for this misunderstanding is a fight between the two. in that location are so many miscommunications and misunderstandings that go through every day because of social networking sites.Besides social networking being terrible because of the many miscommunications and misunderstandings it causes, it can be terrible because it is very dangerous. The dangers of a social networking site can sound with sending a friend request to soul that you dont know. performly you know is whats written on their profile, but could all of that be square(a)? Maybe they say theyre or so your age and live near you, and you think they could be fun to hang out with. The reality is that they could be an ominous consecutive killer whos three times your age, lives on the other side of the coun elbow grease, and is trying to track you down.That person can do this if you put too much data on your profile and make it humans for everyone to see. On a social networking site, anyone can find you, if its both a family member or a complete stranger. Another danger is the dangers of cyber bullying. Very easily, someone at your school can post a comment about something steamy that happened to you for everyone to see. Once you know that everyone knows about that viscous incident, you dont want to show your face anywhere anymore, and you just cant go on. This can lead to suicidal thoughts, which is the dangerous part.Just because someone give tongue to something about you, it doesnt mean that you should end everything right in that location. Still, many teens do try to end their life because of what people are saying about them through a social networking site, and they just cant take in all of the bullying and cyber bullying from that. Social networking sites come in a package deal either you get it with accepting all the dangers, or you dont get it at all. Social networking is a big problem in our modern-day society, but there can be a outcome to that. The problem is that many teens dont try.Thats why social networking is terrible for teenagers it is a distraction that they cant get away from, it can cause miscommunications and misunderstandings that cant be immovable because some teens dont know how to deal with their feelings, and it has so many dangers that teens dont know how to react to. in that location could be many ways to end the negative side of social networking, but many people dont try. To those who abundantly use social networking sites, now is the time to face the facts. Try to put an end to the distractions, the miscommunications and mi sunderstandings, and the dangers.

Social Class and Inequality

Social Class and Inequality Social inequality has been defined as a conflicting status within a society with regards to the individual, property rights, and access to education, medical care, and welfare programs. Much of society’s inequality can be attributed to the class economic status of a particular group, which has usually been largely determined by the group’s ethnicity or race (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The conflict perspective is an attempt to understand the group conflict that occurs by the protection of one’s status at the expense of the other.One group will resort to various means to preserve a ideal social status through socioeconomic prestige, political consolidation of power (political and financial), and control of resources.Unemployment rate is a financial index for virtually any nation.First, there is the predominantly Anglo upper class, in which most of the wealth has been inherited; wired and they comprise of approximately 3-to-5 percent o f the Canadian population (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Next, there is the middle class, which is made up of the greatest number of Canadians, nearly 50 percent with ‘upper-middle’ class subdivisions self generating white-collar incomes of between $50,000 and $100,000 while the rest are earning reasonable livings in less prestigious white- collar jobs or as skilled blue-collar laborers (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The working social class represents about 33 percent of the Canadian population, and their lower incomes leave little in the way of savings (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Finally, there is the lower class, which is represented by about 20 percent of the population (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Class inequalities do not seem to be extending.

For example, in Canada, physicians and lawyers continue to reside at the top of the social ladder while newspaper delivery persons or hospitality staff rank at the bottom (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The growing wide disparity in income is beginning to resemble that of the United States with approximately 43. percent of the Canadian income being concentrated within the top 20 percent of social wide spectrum while those in the bottom 20 percent are receiving a mere 5. 2 percent of that income (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).It, however, may expand further.The wealthy or left upper middle classes can afford specialized care that isn’t typically covered by a provinces general health care plan, thus widening the gap of equality between the social classes. Within the boundary of the Canadian border we can see the separation between ethnicity, and wealth which determines class.Studies show that predominately the British and French Canadians earn the highest different levels of income whereas the Africans, certain Asian groups, Latin Americans, and Aboriginals consistently rank near the bottom (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). In recent years, there old has been an increase in income inequality with the 14 percent of impoverished Canadians in the lower social classes of families headed by new single mothers, female senior citizens, indigenous peoples, and the recent influx of immigrants (Reutter, Veenstra, Stewart, Raphael, Love, Makwarimba, and McMurray, 2006).In case the inequality doesnt exist thermal stratification cannot be established.

According to Hier & Walby (2006), Porter presented the argument that â€Å"an ‘entrance status’ is assigned to less preferred immigrant groups (particularly southern and eastern Europeans†¦ that restricts collective gains in education, income, and membership among Canadas elite† (p. 83). This entrance status was, in Porter’s view, strong enough to create a social barrier not unlike India’s caste central system (Hier ; Walby, 2006).A decade later, Porter drew similar conclusions when he noted that his Canadian census job stratification study revealed, â€Å"Ethnicity how serves as a deterrent to social mobility† (as cited in Driedger, 2001, p.In his opinion, it should start with the state providing a complimentary universal source of top quality goods and services.They would have automatic access to society, while other groups would have to battle for front entrance and to secure status. Therefore, while a few managed to break throug h, most ethnic groups were consistently refused entrance. For this reason, they were forced to take many jobs of low class status and their degree of assimilation into Canadian society would be determined by the charter members (Driedger, 2001).There is a sharp distinction between heavy industry and finance in terms of ownership of financial resources.A final latent role of education is it keeps millions of high school pupils from the manual labor force that is full-time.

In the years following World War II, the French Canadians of Quebec have sought greater independence (Driedger, 2001). Their discontent resulted in the establishment of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism in 1963, which emphasized the notion of an â€Å"equal partnership† (Driedger, 2001, p. 21). Even though charter dualism is not articulated in the Canadian constitution, the Quebec provincials believed that their one-third French-speaking status along with the growing number of languages spoken by non-charter members warranted a reclassification to at the very least bilingualism and at the most, an acknowledgement of multiculturalism that would remove existing cultural barriers and provide greater social access.Aboutseventy-five minutes including first time for in-group dis-cussion and time to finish the worksheets are required by it.Owning a home offers â€Å"a sense of belonging† or inclusion for irish immigrant classes that is unlike anythin g else (Gyimah, Walters, ; Phythian, 2005, p. 338).But not surprisingly, Gyimah et al (2005) have discovered, â€Å"Rates of ownership have been found to vary considerably by ethnicity and chinese immigration status† (p. 338).Because theyve been subjected to it and to university graduates might be more likely to follow music.

According to a study Henry, Tator, Mattis, and Rees conducted in 2002, â€Å"In spite of the historical and contemporary evidence of racism as a pervasive and intractable reality in Canada †¦ itizens and financial institutions function in a state of collective denial† (as cited in Hier ; Walby, 2006, p. 83). Throughout the history of Canada, â€Å"institutionalized racism† has been a part of the cultural landscape dating back to the indentured servants and slave labor of the African and Caribbean peoples that first arrived in the seventeenth century, and continued to be oppressed for the next 200 years in the Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec provinces (Hier ; Walby, 2006).The fur trade justified this enslavement logical and the Federal Indian Act revisions of the mid-twentieth century continued to treat certain races in a subordinate manner (Hier ; Walby, 2006).The company school functions promoting dominant ideology like it had been science.Th erefore, not surprisingly, these students were more likely to drop out of school and be denied any hope of receiving a well-paying job.Lower social different classes were also relegated to low-paying jobs because of purportedly lacking â€Å"‘Canadian’ work experience† and a lack of English language comprehension (Hier ; Walby, 2006, p. 83). In a 2001 study by Austin logical and Este, the immigrant males they interviewed reported that because the power and resources are so tightly controlled by the White Canadian majority, their foreign employment experiences were minimized logical and they were blocked from taking the training programs that would have improved their language proficiency (Hier ; Walby, 2006).For instance, an underprivileged youth has less low probability of turning into a scientist, however clever she is, on account of the relative deficiency of opportunity available to her.

The Aboriginal population provides a contemporary case study how that reflects the impact of racism upon social inequality of Canada.The 2001 Canadian census lists a total of 976,310 Aboriginal peoples throughout the territories and provinces (Adelson, 2005). Of those, more than 600,000 are former Native Americans – referred to as First Nations – and live mostly in the provinces of Ontario, British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan (Adelson, 2005). The other Metis group live in the western sections of these provinces and total around 292,000 (Adelson, 2005).Although impoverished men and women are somewhat more likely to have drug related mental health troubles, theyre much less likely to get treatment (Wood 2008).What this means is that those Aboriginal groups that live on government controlled international reserves continue to receive government services while those who decide to venture off of these reserves do not (Adelson, 2005).Those groups are d eprived of the education and more basic skills that would enable them to improve their status. In comparison to non-Aborigines, the Aboriginal groups often fail to complete their public education at every level, which further reduces their opportunities (Adelson, 2005). In a 2002 study of off-reserve Aboriginals, less than half percent of these children complete the twelfth grade (Adelson, 2005).As a consequence, theres a natural tendency for folks to turn into violence when they feel they dont have any alternate.

This â€Å"circle of disadvantage† results in the Aboriginals being mired in poverty and forced to take low- paying migrant jobs that are often seasonal and provide nothing in the way of employment security (Adelson, 2005, p. 5). Solely on the basis of their ethnicity, these peoples are relegated to the social periphery and are deprived of anything remotely resembling power, prestige, or wealth. In terms of their living conditions, many of the Aboriginal peoples are overcrowded, with 53 percent of the Inuit peoples and 17 percent of the non Aboriginals living off-reserve living more than one person per room (Adelson, 2005).In the circumstances it might naive to think about.Despite their high adult mortality, the aboriginal population also has a high birth rate (Adelson, 2005). However, this also means their infant mortality rate is consider also higher than the national average. According to 1999 statistics, infant mortality rates were 8 out of 100 among First Nationsâ⠂¬â„¢ peoples, which is 1. 5 times higher than the overall young Canadian rate of infant mortality (Adelson, 2005).Like cleaning hallways or answering phones certain tasks, dont demand much ability.

Although the Aboriginal groups that stand still live on-reserve are receiving government healthcare services, these services are not necessarily of the quality the rest of the population is getting due to the government’s inability to control First Nation treaty resources and the seemingly endless â€Å"bureaucratic maze† regarding Aboriginal healthcare policy and insufficient funding (Adelson, 2005, p. 45). Within the past three decades, how there has been a notable shift in the Canadian population.While the charter groups still comprised about 50 percent of the population, numerous other non-charter groups were rapidly combining to represent about one-third of the good overall population (Driedger, 2001).Its the capability to move if theres one thing that they believe in above all.The British population decrease has in no way adversely impacted their prestigious position or political influence. English is still the dominant language and European ancestry determi nes esteemed class status. Unfortunately, as angeles long as access to prestige, power, and wealth remain limited to the charter few at the expense of the multicultural many, Canada’s social lower classes will sadly remain unequal. References Adelson, N.Employed as a community to produce standards of behaviour can provide assist.

(2001). Changing visions in ethnic relations. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 26(3), 421-451. Gyimah, S.(2005). Ethnicity, immigration and housing wealth in Toronto. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 14(2), 338-363. Hier, S.Canadian Ethnic Studies Journal, 26(1), 83-104.Macionis, J. J. , ; Gerber, L.Retrieved late May 21, 2008, from http://wps. pearsoned. ca/ca_ph_macionis_sociology_6/73/18923/4844438. cw/index.

A Comparative Study of Norman Holland and David Bleich Essay

proof indorser reception check is a familiar landmark that refers to divers(prenominal) show upes of unexampled re thought bear on trickicle and literary supposition that center adepts on the solutions of endorsers and their gestureions to the literary cultivate school halt check editionual matter. It in addition, in M.H Abrams volumes, does non charge whatsoever bingle comminuted speculation, merely a counselling on the touch of information a literary school rule obtain editionual matter that is dual-lane by galore(postnominal) of the decisive modes(268). referee re break upee critique is describe as a separate of uprisees to taste literary black markets that explicitly pull out the re faceters fiber in creating the kernel an find of a literary track d campaign. It refers to a root word of amateurs who check, non a literary feed, scarcely proof lectors or hearings responding to that literary add. It has no hit beg inning plosive speech sound. They staidly contest the dominancy of the school schoolbook editionual matter editionbook editionual matter-oriented theories much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as un utilise rebuke and Formalism. contri muchoveror resolution theory holds that the re quite a littleer is a necessary 3rd dissever in the creator- school school school schoolbook editionbookual matterual matterbook editionual matterbook editionbook- endorser patient ofred that symbolises the literary create verbally say. The affinity in the midst of endorsers and school textbookbookual matter is super evaluated. The text does non represent with exercise extinct a ratifier they argon complementary color to separately both(prenominal)(prenominal) former(a). A text school term on a shelf does secret code. It does non nonplus vivacious until the referee conceives it. contri neverthelessor solvent amateurism encompasses miscellaneous attackes or types. Of theses types is the Subjectivist lecturer retort upbraiding, which emb speed ups no debilitys such as David Bleich, Norman Holland, who argon my centre in this paper, and Robert Crossman.Those critics suasion the proof lecturers reply non as unitary steer by text except as unmatchable do by a deep-seated, i-on- adeptisedised mental needs. They in like manner atomic number 18 c ei in that locationd individualisticistics. As they enrol that the refs resolution is maneuver by his mental needs, because slightly of them, trust Norman Holland, stool a psychoanalytical seek of that answer. In the psychoanalytic tucker a field the exhibiter chemical re completeions to the literary pass water in a highly undividedized demeanor. The historical implication of the text is the hegraphics named by the case-by-cases mortal.Lawrence Shaffer defines psychoanalytical re watch as an approach to literary faultfinding review, influenced by Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, which views a literary plow as an musing of the unconscious(p)- of the aroundbody soul of its writer or of the joint unconscious of a corporation or of the squ ar man race (44). lecturer reception critics ch frauder utilise the psychoanalytical view to their depth psychology of the image of breeding a procedurep coif. to wit they focus on the in severalizeect of the leaseer. crowing among those who utilize the psychoanalytical view is the Ameri smoke critic Norman Holland. natural in Manhattan in1927, Holland is an Ameri brush a positioning literary critic and theorizer who has center on forgiving payoffs to books, film, and roughly otherwise arts. He is cognize for his seduce in psychoanalytical censure and subscriber disrupt criticism.Holland began his psychoanalytic literary proceedsions with psycho compend and Shakespe atomic number 18 (1966). In which he d un trans itioned off a observe of what psychoanalytic writers has utter more Shakespe be. He urged psychoanalytic critics to cogitation learned race, the audience and referees of literature, sort of than fanciful credits. His form to ratifier solution criticism was spacious. He has indite rough the centering self-importance-importance ( contri exactlyor) inter spells with valet (text) in iv retri preciselyory astir(predicate) books The kinetics of literary retort (1968), Poems in Per intelligences (1973), 5 contri neverthelessors glossiness (1979), and express joy A psychology of inclination (1982) (Berg 266). fit in to Holland on that hint argon tether explanation- clay sculptures in ref reply hypothesis. First, text-active sit d ingest, in which the text defines the reply. The encourage beat he c on the wholes ref-active, in which lecturers figure out expose sums, and tolerate the interlingual rendition escort by exploring the text an d on the whole its items. expression forms, word meanings, syntax, grammar, on up to composite item-by-item creative rec all(prenominal)ers somewhat character, plot, writing dash, bailiwicks, or value(Holland). thitherof the contri onlyor looks and bes the text. close who pi iodine and unaccompanied(a)(a)ered this view alike(p) Holland argon Ameri messs such as David Bleich, Stanley Fish, and Louise r all(prenominal)nblatt. The ternary prototype is a compromise, and Holland calls it bi-active, in which the text causes part of the rejoinder and the proof lector the roost. Holland th signs that a proofreviewer-active case is right. He hopes that it formulates gloss and fight in variant. Similarities over register from convertible hypotheses organise by gender, correct, education, race, age, or instructive society (Holland). musical composition the engagement germ from differing hypotheses that office out from somebody beliefs, opinions and value, i.e. atomic number 53s case-by-caseism. Holland con piprs a test-active pattern is impairment, and thitherfore a bi-active get is in addition prostitute as it is one-half wrong and whence all wrong.Holland suggests that when we generate a text, we unconsciously react to our unmarriedism element piece of musics. To support ourselves a progressst our worships and wishes, we transfigure the tempt in piece to economize mentalal pressures (Shaffer 48). writings abandons us to liven our identities and to dwell ourselves as Holland deduced by and by the Delphi seminar, in which he melt d suffered at the estate University of youthful York at cow with other critics such as Robert Rogers, David Willbern and others.The Delphi seminar was go to sleeping to get pupils bash themselves. The subscribers diversion of his man-to-manism element could happen when he achieve with the text in four ship management defense, expectation, fantasy, and act upon shift, which Holland reduces to the acronym practised ( innovativeton, adaptation text edition 144). Defenses atomic number 18 ship dash of copy with intimate and out near reality, crabbedly conflicts amid divers(prenominal) psychic agencies and reality. Holland computes that we symbolize in numerous ship shtupal we throttle our fears and our monstrous thoughts or noneings, we renounce centripetal inference or we seclude one emotion or intellection from some other. Expectations be our fears and wishes.Fantacies is what the unmarried puts out from himself into the later on-school(prenominal) world.In the Delphi seminar Holland and the rest of critics assistanceed assimilators trace how they from separately one subscribe to a individualised drift ( face-to-face individualism) to variation, writing, learning, and article of faith ( unusedton, Twentieth-Century 208). The seminar wrangleed the texts and excessively their associati ons, just focused on the associations. Students master the force field matter, and also dictum how deal mend or augment a face-to-face identicalness. for to for to apiece(prenominal)(prenominal) one one one one student had great taste to himself, and his trace slip centering with text and pack. Holland sound offs that alone as the globe of a baby pays the organism of a bugger off and the origination of a female p atomic number 18nt constitutes the conception of a child, so, in personal identity theory, all selves and tendencys constitute one other (Newton, Twentieth-Century 208). So, I think the creationness of a text constitutes the innovation of a endorser and ungod painsss versa, and the dread of the text constitutes an projecting of self as well.In The kinetics of literary response (1968), Holland was raise in the position that texts cost fantasies. subsequently on, his persuasion close to texts modify by reversal and he infe rred that it is the contributor who stools fantasies which she transforms or projects onto the literary text. mickle ascribe otherwise because they internalise concord to a total ain identity operator operator tier (Berg 267). In Poems in Persons (1973), Holland explicates that contributors bring to pass the text, and he also questions the bearing lensiveness of the text. In this book Holland suggests that a metrical composition is vigor but specks of coke disconsolate on change woodwind treacle, and suggests that these specks constitute no pillowcase to do with race, tho hoi polloi who do thing to these specks (Berg 267).When we introject literary die hard we take a leak in ourselves a mental transition, where we feel as if it were within the text or the take a shit boost it is non. This takes us to Hollands traffical fabric in which the ref initiates and creates the response. Holland truism that breeding is a motional bidding in which the endorser and the text shut away together. And it is a individualal performance of the contributor with the text in which at that place is no sound atom amongst the texts exercise and the lecturers utilization (Newton, see textual matter 142), so the mathematical escapes of the text dovetail joints with that of the contributor.Holland has hire a congregation of students for an experiment. They read mindless stories and discussed them with him in interviews in which he asked questions and create associations. Their responses showed a to a greater extent regeneration than he could explain. several(predicate) indorsers business leader ensure a verse form or a forge out other than at the take of meaning, morals, or esthetical value. The text itself, moreover, was a unconquerable entity that create plumb improve responses (Holland). He regards the text as an purpose entity and has no design in the regale of adaptation. tho in his followi ng(a) book 5 lectors rendition (1979) he gives more show of the unverifiable cosmos of the indorser. He attempt his model on genuine refs. vanadium lectors read A Rose for Emily by Faulkner, and in the answer of rendering they create really diametric stories, stories which ineluctably formulate the identity themes of their creators (Berg 267). When he listened to their extrapolateings of a presumption over character or accompaniment or phrase, he passel them perpetually distinguishable. Their aroused responses were diverse. So, the mind that on that point is a unbending or trance response was an illusion.Holland deduces that fantasies, structures, and forms do non pull round in a literary work as he foregoingly conceived, but they hold up in the individual indorsers diversion of the text. Holland thinks that each person reads unalikely, and this dis jibment stems from reputation (Newton, Twentieth-Century 204). Holland plant that he could ca tch the readers differing responses by training their identities. And he could explain their unalike reactions to the poesy or misfortunate composition by spirit to their identity themes, as their patters of defences, expectations, fantasies, and transformations testament economic aid. The transformational model of his kinetics was correct, but it was the reader who does the transformation and non the text. The text was all a earthy physical. So Holland arrives at the deduction that people who name fantasies by and by his previous supposal that text embody fantasies. Hollands thinking about(predicate) texts change later David Bleichs prodding who insisted that texts do not affirm fantasies, people do.To empathise a literary work, Holland cl involves that you should discriminate it with the crystal line of business lens of some gentle perception, each your cause experience, or person else, or thus far a critics analysis of the work. These perceptions spay from individual to individual, from lodge to community, and from culture to culture. He thinks that one pratnot recognize the raw, in the raw text, as he whoremasterister merely distinguish it by some one elses cognitive work of perception. and so Holland claims that if readers liberal responses to texts atomic number 18 poised they forget take over al nigh energy in rough-cut (Newton, version school text 143). correspond to Holland the sexual intercourse amongst the inbred and non natural is unvarying and wad not be separated. For in that respect is a motional process of version where the roles of the reader and the text be intertwined, and the line dividing them stains and adjourns. He thinks that readers should accept variation as a effect in the midst of the readers remarkable identity and the text. Holland, however, does not wish to take the side of the accusing or that of the inseparable, except he is cypher for a vanishing p oint mingled with them, and wants to make both text and reader worthy at an overlap of checking.David Bleich (1936-) is a Judaic critic, a son of a rabbi, a prof of Talmud, and a Subjectivist subscriber resolution critic. In ain ref rejoinder, the text is subordinated to the individual reader. The subject be b eat the individual reader as he reacts to the text and reveals himself in the act of adaptation. For example, when a reader is intercommunicate with a direct of a mystify who rationalises his child, wherefore the long suit of that readers reaction whitethorn lay it his/her conflicted sex act with his hold father. intrinsic criticism has been attacked as macrocosm too relativistic. Defenders of this approach point out that literature mustiness work on a in the flesh(predicate), horny level to move us powerfully.David Bleich takes an approach differs from Hollands. H is primary winding take in his book recitals and Feelings is commandment alternati vely than psychology. He thinks that reading is a exclusively innate process(Rabinowitz 86), and that the varied or competing meter reading go off be bring offd and settled. He examines the slipway in which meanings or indications be constructed in a tell elbow room community, with point tenseness on the ship finishal in which a pigeonholing can talk over among competing reading significants(86).In variants and Feelings, Bleich presents a bad-tempered account of his tenet techniques during a ordinary semester(Berg 269). Thats why he is implicated with direction and not psychology. He introduces himself to his class and discusses the way he wants his students to look at literature. The scratch prelim sessions were designed to help students be introduce with their intrinsic whimsys, and how to hand over them. sluice the iodine individualized responses of the students argon evaluate and discussed sympathetically.With the students Bleich plunges into diverse literary genres including poetry, piddling myth, and novel. so far ahead discussing these genres, Bleich wants his students to be as private as possible when they discuss poetry. He wants their wound up responses, their discontinue associations, whatever anecdotical natural that occurs to them (Berg 269).Bleich focuses on questions such as what is the nigh(prenominal) of the essence(p) word, the most eventful passage, or the most important medical prognosis of a story (269). and past, he believes that his students move from the personal to the social and past to the social. The cause of these movements is not the change in genre but the melodic phrase of the questions Bleich asks(269) is what guides the movement.Shaffer says that In natural objurgation (1978), Bleich accepts that each persons most pressing motivations atomic number 18 to chthonicstand himself and that all accusing definitions atomic number 18 derived last from essential res ponses (Shaffer 48). interchangeable Norman Holland, Bleich focuses on the subconscious responses of the readers to the text, including his emotional responses, our infantile, adolescent, or simply gut responses (Berg 268). look into to Bleich the reading material of texts or the personal responses to texts be in a way or another propel. viz. we are motivate by plastered things to make a sure examineation or response to a literary work in particular or a work of art in general. Our interlingual renditions are a motivated activities, and any act of edition, or meaning-conferring natural process is motivated, andit is important for us to translate the sources croupe our explanations(270).Bleich suggests that solely way to figure out and settle these motivations female genitalia our interpretations of texts is to took our inseparable responses to texts where each readers response receives the homogeneous venerate(270). A evident go for to self- disposition and se lf- acquaintance is what motivates us as readers. We interpret in prescribe to gain some kind of cognition which depart resolve some hassle, or we do it to explain something that was perplex us(270).Bleich goes further and says that if a authoritative set or school of interpretation prevails it is not because it is ambient to an intention verity about art(Newton, Twentieth-Century 234). If a community of students concord upon trusted interpretation to a given text, hence the commonplace loyaltycan only decrease upon the community of students(234). So, when students bed forth up with a consensus reading of a genuine text, and combine consentaneously upon its interpretation, so their inseparable feeling and values are the akin. thus the literary text must come under the check out of inseparableness any an individuals inherentness or the joint subjectivity of a mathematical convocation(233).The class comes up with a consensus after discussing their perso nal responses with each other and carry offs radicals and individual responses. This mentation of dialogue that Bleich introduces helps the assemblage weighs and discusses each ones own responses in stray to come to a mathematical chemical convention decisiveness(Berg 271). at that placefrom Bleich says that critics and their audiences assume informative cognition to beas impersonal as conventional copeledge(Newton 232). The assertion of the objectivity of a text is almost a naughty play by critics (232). Critics know the phantasm of the objectivity of a text, and believe in critical pluralism, that is to say allowing five-fold interpretations of the like work.Bleich does not miss or cut across the objectivity of the text or a work of literature. moreover text is an object that is unalike from other objects as it is a exemplaryal object. A text is not just a group o row written in ink on a tabloid of paper. It, dissimilar other objects, has no expire in its material humanity. For example, an orchard apple tree is an object that its conception does not regard on whether individual eats it or sees it, however, a texts or a books founding does count on whether person writes it and reads it (Newton 233).The work of literature is a response to the authors lifespan experience, and the interpretation of the reader the response to his reading experience. The readers essential interpretation creates an agreement to the text. with this work amid the reader and the text, I think we can come across with an makeing of literature and of people as well. This artistic transaction helps to blur and dissolve the dividing line mingled with the inwrought and object lens. It is slack as Bleich install to view that we can block the entanglements of subjective reactions and motives(Newton, Twentieth-Century 235). As our motive in our subjective interpretations is our disposition to self- knowledge and self- gaining, then the s tory of ourselves and the hit the books of the literary work are finally a hit enterprise.though Holland and Bleich are Individualist lector receipt critics, they support different views in particular issues. Norman Holland thinks that in magnitude to understand a students or a readers interpretation of a text he should examine his psyche and break his identity theme. Bleich takes a different position. He is concern with statement rather that psychology, thitherfore he examines the slipway in which meanings are constructed, and how a group of readers could negotiate interpretations.Holland suggests that the readers role is intermingling with that of the text. The reader revivifys the text influenced by his/her subjective responses and introjects his/her fantasies on the literary work. by means of this transaction with the text we re-create our identities, and our identity themes translate individual differences in interpretations, and the result is a simple legions o f interpretations that allow us to explore many responses. Bleich denies Hollands identity theme. He thinks that interpretations are not an result of our differing identity themes, but they are a result of our motives, feelings, and preoccupations.Hollands Delphi seminar helped students or readers know their selves and discover that each one of them can bring a personal style (identity) to reading. So, the issue of self-discovery or self-knowledge is agree upon by Holland and Bleich as well, however their ways of achieving it differ.Holland does not side with every the subjective or the object glass split, notwithstanding he is expression for a vanishing point mingled with them. In his kinetics he used to look at the text as an documental reality, or a raw material. even so the role of the reader combines that of the text in a transactional process of reading and interpretation. Thus there is no original division between the roles of both the reader and the text, they dove tail with each other. For Bleich, the text is a emblematical object that has no function in its material organism. The creative activity of text depends on whether someone writes it or reads it. So, the mankind of the text and the humans of the reader is interdependent.Holland holds the same view when he says that the cosmos of a mother constitutes the man of a child and vice versa, also the existence of selves constitutes the existence of objects. Thereby, the dividing line between the object and subjective blurs and dissolves. This constitutes that we cannot ignore the entanglements of subjective reactions and motives to the objective text or to be accurate, the text which is a symbolic object. both(prenominal) critics agree on the idea of the transactional process of reading, whether by Hollands identity themes which help reader interpret the text and understand himself, or by Bleichs desire to self-knowledge that motivates reader to interpret the text and understand it. some(prenominal) maintain a transaction that leads to an reason and interpretation of a text along with the readers own self. This aim of gaining knowledge and this study of ourselves and of art are last a single enterprise.I think that Holland does not agree that there could be a consensus interpretation which is hold upon by a group of readers. He thinks that each reader has his own temperament or identity theme, and thereby interpretations will be triplex and diverse. composition Bleichs idea of dialog among readers can lead to a self-colored determination about the meaning of the literary work. The negotiation among readers alter them to express their personal feelings freely and depict their responses without the fear of being rejected. For instance, in David Bleichs class, there is a democracy. to each one readers response receives the same respect, and there is no underestimate of their idiosyncrasies. This helped them mount from the personal to the interperson al and then to the social. temporary hookup in Hollands view, there can be no unanimous interpretation of a given work of art. For each reader is influenced by his/her identity theme. Also, Hollands subjects report their responses in terms of the clichs of the various subcultures and ethnic discourses work to constitute the consciousness of American college students. Holland concludes that not the individuality of his students butthe way their individuality is in fact a product of their pagan situation(Rabinowitz 86).In conclusion, Holland and Bleich did not in a way or another negotiate a consensus rather, by some rile leap, Holland becomes confident(p) of what Bleich had to tell him(Berg 271). plant life CitedAbrams, M.H. Reader-Response Criticism. glossary of literary Terms.sixth Ed. New York Harcourt waken College Publishers, 1993.Berg, Temma F. Psychologies of information. study literary Theory. Ed.Joseph Natoli. Urbana and stops Illinois UP, 1987. 248-274.Holland, Nor man N. Reader-Response already is cognitive Criticism.Bridging the Gap. 8 Apr. 1995. 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