Explain the Relationship Between Karma, Dependent Origination

Karma, dependent origination and rebecoming are all big parts of the Buddhist religion and link quite closely – dependent origination basically teaches that everything is connected, which corresponds with karma, the teaching that good behaviours will have good consequences and bad behaviours will have bad consequences, and generating bad karma will result in being trapped in samsara, the process of rebecoming that is structured by suffering or dukkha – another concept dependent origination explains.Dependent origination or the principle of conditionality (paticca samuppada) is the principle that nothing exists independently of anything else. Everything depends on something else in order for it to exist, and is part of a web of conditions whereby when the conditions one thing relies on cease to exist, it does too. These conditioned states define us as we constantly change whilst we are in samsara, however they cause dukkha to arise as they are impermanent and caused by c raving or tanha. Karma is within dependent origination.The literal meaning is ‘volitional (willed) action’ or ‘volitional actions have consequences’. Good or skilful actions, kusala, generate good merit, punna, and bad pr unskilful actions, akusala, generate bad merit, apunna. The general understanding of karma is that if you do something bad then the universe will cause something bad to happen to you. In Buddhism it is believed that karma is carried through the process of samsara, be it good or bad karma, and it shapes who we are – as the Dhammapada says, ‘our life is shaped by our mind, we become what we think’.It is often likened to a seed (bija) as it is stored in the unconscious mind, and it will ripen (vipaka) and produce fruit (phala) when under the right conditions, caused by positive karmic action. It does not necessarily mean that if you cause something bad to happen to someone or something then you will generate bad karma â₠¬â€œ the nature of the karma relies on the intention of an action rather than the outcome. Punna can also come about as the result of auspicious actions.These include supporting the sangha (Buddhist community), providing help to those in need (for example giving food and shelter or donating to charities), empathising with another person’s auspicious deeds. Karma helps to develop wisdom and mindfulness, as we become more aware of the consequences of our actions and therefore are more careful. It also emphasises the importance of freewill, as it helps to explain that we make our own destiny and we cannot always refer to fate as the reason behind happenings. Karma is very relevant to the cycle of rebecoming as karma is passed on through each life – in Buddhism there is no soul, only karma.Rebirth can occur in different realms displayed in the Tibetan wheel of life – the Heaven Realm, where the fruits of previous positive karmic actions are enjoyed but beings forget that they must still strive for enlightenment; the Titan Realm, where warlike beings are constantly conflicting and have also forgotten the might strive for enlightenment; the Animal Realm, where the only concern is for the basic physical needs of food, sex and sleep and beings are lacking in education and culture; the Hell Realm, where torture and hatred is constantly present; the Hungry Ghost Realm, where nothing is satisfying and everything turns to fire; and the Human Realm, where pleasure and pain are both present and enlightenment is most easily attainable. These realms are not exactly literal but more in reference to different states of mind. The ultimate goal is to exclude oneself from the ongoing cycle of pain and suffering by becoming enlightened. To achieve this, ignorance (avidya) must be tackled in order to recognise the consequences of actions (karma) and avoid suffering caused by impermanence (anicca) and no self (anatta).

Travis Hirschi Social Bond Theory

Protected* Populations – Examples include, but are not limited to: Children/Minors (under the age of 18) (Exception – projects conducted in established or commonly accepted educational settings involving normal educational practices. Contact IRB office for guidance. ) Prisoners (now includes non-publicly available secondary data) Pregnant women Fetuses and products of labor and delivery People with diminished capacity to give consent Mentally or physically challenged individuals *Sensitive Information – Examples include, but are not limited to: Information relating to an individual’s psychological well being or mental health Information relating to sexual attitudes, preferences, or practices Information relating to the use of alcohol or drugs Information relating to illegal behavior Information that if released could reasonably place the individual at risk of criminal or civil liability or be damaging to the individual’s financial standing, employability, or reputation Information that would normally be recorded in a patient’s medical record and the disclosure could reasonably lead to discrimination, stigmatization, etc. There are several categories of protected subjects. Children – Subpart D of the federal regulations protecting human subjects, incorporated in Georgetown's policies, provides additional protections for children. Research with children as subjects can be exempt in only two instances: {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Prisoners – Subpart C to the governing regulations provides additional safeguards for prisoners as research subjects. Essentially, the regulations are designed to discourage the use of prisoners as subjects unless the research will materially affect the lives of prisoners. They are not, in other words, to be used as a captive population. An IRB that reviews a protocol with prisoners as subjects must have a prisoner representative on the committee. 3. A. Children Children are considered to be protected because their youth may make full understanding of the risks and benefits of a study impossible, making them unable to make a truly informed decision. Recognizing that regulations may vary from state to state and country to country, the IRB defines a child as any individual under the age of 18. If a study will occur in an area where different legal definitions exist, the researcher should incorporate this information into the proposal if he or she is seeking a waiver of requirements for this protected population. If the subjects of a study will be children, the researcher is expected to respect each child as an autonomous being. Consequently, the researcher must secure the assent of each child as well as the consent of the child’s parents / guardians or legal representatives. If a child cannot read, the consent process will need to be adapted to provide the information orally. Documentation of the child’s assent and the consent of parents or guardians must follow the guidelines for informed consent. Each class of subjects that one might consider to be incompetent, such as young children, should be considered on their own terms. â€Å"Respect† requires giving them the opportunity to choose whether to participate to the extent they are able to make a decision. Researchers are not required to obtain a child’s assent if the child is incapable of providing it. Each individual child’s ability to assent must be determined. In other words, researchers cannot assume that all children below a certain age are unable to assent. Even a very young child may be capable of understanding what is proposed and thus can agree or decline to participate. In rare instances, a child’s assent may not be required if the intervention or procedure is likely to benefit the well-being of the child directly and is available only in the context of the research. This situation occurs most frequently in biomedical research. In determining whether children are capable of assenting, the IRB will take into account the ages, maturity, and psychological state of the children involved. This judgment may be made for all children to be involved in research under a particular protocol, or for each child, as the IRB deems appropriate. When interacting with children, use language the child can understand and present concepts in a way the child can grasp. Researchers should also take care that the child does not feel pressured by the researcher as an adult (authority figure) or by the child’s parent, guardian, or legal representative—other authority figures. In studies that involve more than minimal risk, obtain consent from both parents, if possible. (See â€Å"Studies with *Children*—More than Minimal Risk. â€Å") For minimal risk studies, consent from one parent is sufficient. Consent from one parent is also permitted if a parent is deceased, unknown, incompetent, or not reasonably available, or if one parent has legal responsibility for the care and custody of the child. In the absence of a parent or parents able to give consent, consent may be given by a child’s legal guardian or legal representative. Children who are wards of the state or of any agency, institution, or other entity may participate in research only if the study (1) is related to the children’s status as wards, or (2) will be conducted in schools, camps, hospitals, institutions, or similar settings in which the majority of children involved as subjects are not wards (that is, the fact that an individual subject is a ward is incidental). In these situations, researchers must provide for the appointment of an advocate for each child who is a ward. The advocate is in addition to the child’s guardian or legal representative, and he or she must have the background and experience necessary to act in the best interests of the child for the duration of the child’s participation in the research. An individual may serve as advocate for more than one child; the advocate may not be associated in any way with the proposed research, the researcher(s), or the child’s guardian organization. (See 45CFR46, Subpart D. )

Nanorobotics in Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nanorobotics in Medicine - Essay Example The very advantages of such reduced size are the high degree of precision and control on the end product. Therefore, what cannot be reached or manipulated in the past due to space and size restrictions can now be easily accessed and operate on through appropriate miniature tools (Cavalcanti 1, Martinac and Metelko 1). Not only telecommunications and materials science are experiencing the excitement in this new technology. The world of medicine is said to be one of those that will greatly benefit from nanotechnology. Experts clearly see the impact of this technology in the practice of medicine. In fact, funds have been flowing towards this area recently. In the US alone, according to Freitas (1) more than $500 million was allocated for nanotechnology research and development in 2002, $849 million in 2004 and reached $1 billion in 2006. In Europe, the European Commission apportioned 1.3 billion euros for nanotechnology R&D for 2003-2006. Furthermore, biomedical nanoscale applications were projected to have a 35% per year growth rate (Freitas 1). Due to the great interest in application of nanotechnology in medicine, a new field of science emerged and called nanomedicine. Nanomedicine is defined as the utilization of the knowledge of molecular characteristics of the human body for the diagnosis, tre atment, prevention, relief, improvement of pains, injuries and diseases. Frontiers in nanomedicine include three main categories. These are nanoscale structured materials or nanodevices, engineered microorganisms and nanorobots (Martinac and Metelko 2). Nanoscale structured materials or nanodevices are microscopic devices that can be used in implants or for delivering drugs to specific sites. Examples of nanodevices are nanopores which can contain large amounts of drugs or enzymes for controlled release using the very high surface area and size of the pores. Engineered microorganisms include bacteria and macrophages that can produce enzymes or perform new beneficial functions. Expectations are high in the branch of medical nanorobotics (Martinac and Metelko 2). Nanorobots are envisioned to offer advances through miniaturization of electronic medical devices by recreating naturally existing models such as those of bacteria and viruses. This entails fusing microelectronics and modified microorganisms to develop new artificial biological devices or engineer ing microelectronics alone that can perform specified tasks inside the human body (Freitas 9). Just like every normal machine or tool, nanorobotics are envisioned to be built from scratch although in microscopic proportions. Therefore, there is a need to design basic parts and components with minimum specifications and but with more than enough functionality. In other words, the first objective is to manufacture nanobearings and nanogears which will provide the above capabilities. Overlap-repulsion bearing designs by Drexler and Merkle pioneered these efforts (Freitas 10). A functioning nanorobot is seen to have molecular sorting rotors and a robotic arm. The latter is also called a telescopic manipulator. The exterior must contain or be made up of materials like glycocalyx that do not react or prevent absorption of blood materials such as fibrinogen. These components are also placed to provide biocompatibility and prevent immune system reactions. In addition, chemotactic sensors, molecules with specific binding

Barclays Dark Pool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Barclays Dark Pool - Essay Example Another lesson that can be learned is the importance of transparency and accountability in a company. Fraudulent activities can last for a while but in the long run they always get detected. Failure of an organization to be transparent can be costly in terms of finances and reputation. The case for instance discouraged retail investors from investing in the company due to the tainted reputation. Broker dealers such as Royal Bank of Canada, Deutsche Bank and Investment Technology Group cut ties with the company’s dark pool system (McCrank and Slater 1). This already is an indication that the company will incur significant losses. Having the best interests of customers at heart is very important for a company. This is yet another lesson to learn. According to the case, Barclays deceived its customers that they would be protected against high-frequency traders while in a real sense the traders were being favoured (McCrank and Slater 1). Breach of trust is a costly endeavour as witnessed in the case. Ethical breaches are also costly based on the fact that some employees were fired after the case implicated some individuals. McCrank, John and Steve Slater. â€Å"New York attorney general accuses Barclays of dark pool fraud.† Reuters.com. Web 17 April 2015.

War of the Gods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

War of the Gods - Essay Example War of the Gods This paper will examine the use of religious ethics to define a just war and the application of such ethics during the Holy Wars of the Crusades. Monotheistic traditions, such as Christianity and Islam, often use their religious doctrines to find a justification for wars. These doctrines, in the Just War Theory, outline in detail when the use of force can be justified to resolve conflicts, from whom they should attain the blessing that such a use of force is recognized as necessary in the eyes of God, and to what extent the force should be employed. The primary focus of the just war tradition is to attain and confirm approval from God. In both religious doctrines, God-referred to as Allah in Islam-has confirmed the ideals that the use of force by His followers is a righteous and just action; this use of force often serves to control aggressions or perpetuate continued growth and spread of the Faith. In the case of the Crusades, justification came to Christians and Muslims alike from their respective Gods for the perceived need to control the Holy Land of Jerusalem. These doctrines and the actions they perpetrated during the Crusades can be seen from both sides of this series of Holy Wars. August (1921) reveals such justification when the Christians sought to recapture Jerusalem. The fact that Christian soldiers were told they would be successful if God willed their victory directly preceding their accomplishment further confirmed that they were fighting a just war. Additionally, even if only by coincidence, the timeline in which these events took place were construed as signs from God that this war was just and approved; and that God would work with these soldiers and secure their success. This acknowledgement served to increase morale amongst the soldiers and justify future acts of aggression in the name of the Christian Crusades. On the other side of this initial victory of the Christians, the Muslims also received blessings and encouraging sign from Allah. Muslims believed so deeply in the signs and the need for Divine approval, that any losses were perceived to be punishment for sins. None, or few, were mindful of the Lord, or of such work as was needed to capture the city; nor did they take heed to beseech the Lord's favor. And thus we not recognize God in the midst of our affliction, nor did He show favor to the ungrateful. (August 9-10) Essentially, while the Christians remained mindful of the signs that appeared to be sent from God, they saw continued, if intermittent, success in their plights during the Crusades. In contrast, the Muslims believed that the early Christian victories were the result not of God favoring the Christians and

Anglo American Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anglo American - Essay Example Understanding that there were serious financial ramifications to its bottom line as a result of the AIDS epidemic, Anglo-American sought to provide free antiviral therapy to members of its South African workforce who were infected with the HIV/ AIDS. Despite the many positives associated with this decision, Anglo-Americans’ attempt to stem the ramifications of the HIV AIDS epidemic was met with resistance and unsure results. As a result, Anglo-American halted its pilot study. The following explores the reasons for Anglo-Americans decision to halt this landmark study and are they reasonable? What recommendations would an educated reader give Anglo-American with respect to its HIV/AIDS policy? Seem to address these questions and many more, the following will explore Anglo-American and the challenges it faces tackling the HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa. Anglo-American is an international organization with roots in South Africa and as a multinational company is one of the largest employers in the country. Today, Anglo-American has 80,000 employees nation-wide and has been significantly affected by the global AIDS epidemic. The global HIV/AIDS outbreak began in the 1980s and Anglo-American was one of the first multinational corporations to understand and attempt to combat the ramifications of this insidious disease. Accordingly, South Africa remains the country with one of the highest infection rates in the world and corporations like Anglo-American quickly understood that this disease had the potential to significantly affect the bottom line of its company. With much invested in the South African state, Anglo-American sought to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the early 1980s and a landmark decision in 2002 to provide free antiviral medicine to its infected workforce represented a further evolution of the enlightened policies of com panies like

Business and Corporate Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business and Corporate Law - Assignment Example In the end, Speedway left themselves open to great liability. Speedway’s promotion entailed bonus air miles being attached to being collected through domestic bookings. The advertisement stated that any†¨customer who collected 50000 miles could redeem them for an online code for the †¨chance to win a great range of prizes, which included items on Speedways services. †¨Further it said that: †¨Ã¢â‚¬ËœReach 50,000 bonus miles and enter the online code for the chance to receive †¨a winning confirmation email to Speedway’s head office and win the grand prize of an all expenses paid round the world holiday. But only for a limited †¨time.’ †¨[100 words]†¨ This is where the company went wrong. They made an offer that they stated ‘any customer who collected 50,000 miles’ could redeem them for an online code for the chance to win a range of prizes—including the possibility of receiving a winning confirmation email to go to Speedway’s head office in order to get an all-expenses paid ‘round the world’ holiday. Speedway should have specified the limited time for which the contest was sponsored. This could have made their job much easier when people came to the Speedway headquarters wanting to claim their prizes. So, Speedway left themselves liable. Jim Smith was surfing the Net when he came across Speedway’s Internet †¨advertisement. Immediately he started booking flights for his next holidays and after †¨collecting the bonus air miles he waited for his email confirmation. While he was †¨waiting he collapses from the excitement at the prospect of winning an all expenses †¨paid round the world trip. He was taken to hospital. †¨[175 words] Speedway is not liable for the fact that Jim collapsed â€Å"in excitement† over the prospect of winning an all-expenses paid trip around the world. Basically, it could be argued that his collapse could have

None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

None - Essay Example In this context it is important to note that the infants would be conditioned by Watson to become what he would make them. They might believe that they are choosing to be doctors, lawyers or thieves out of their freewill, but it will be the conditioning provided by Watson which would lead them to make choices which eventually leads them to select a profession. The deterministic ideals presented in these words are made obvious when we consider our own situation as members of the social system that we live in. For example, as much as we would like to murder someone, loot something or steal an object of desire we know the consequences of what might happen if we do that and this restrains us from performing the same actions. At the same time, there is nothing which actually binds our hands from not stealing something or lying to others even when we know the consequences of getting caught. This is the exercise of freewill which even Watson could not control if the doctor he created decided to shoplift something out of a store to get a thrill. While society and other forces which surround us day and night might push us towards a predetermined life, it is our own freewill which keeps us on the straight and narrow. Had society and social conditioning been enough to keep people in line, there would be no need for a criminal justice system at all. Therefore, I believe that while we have freewill to do what we want, we are also controlled by the forces of determinism which guide us on the right path to doing what we want to

Financial Valuation Techniques Research Proposal

Financial Valuation Techniques - Research Proposal Example The research will be conducted from the perspective of strategic valuation and financial valuation. Strategic valuation will relate to historical analysis of the companies and application of models like SWOT, Porter's Diamond, Porter's Five Forces Model, Ansoff Analysis and Balanced Scorecard Analysis. Financial valuation shall be related to DuPont Analysis, Key Ratios, Capital Budgeting, and Cash Flow analysis, Income Analysis, Asset Analysis and Market Analysis. The final outcome shall be a critical comparison of future forecasts of the selected companies applying all the theories. The Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) has global assets which are worth more than $1120 billion. The RBS is the 2nd biggest private bank in Europe, and the 6th biggest in the world. RBS is the 14th biggest company in the world (Forbes Global 2000). Apart from this RBS are an enormously important private investor of oil and gas extraction. This is not only high levels of funding for oil and gas projects, but RBS are 'the oil and gas bank'. They are the central driver of development of the oil and gas industry. The position of RBS on global climate change is far less liberal than many other banks. In spite of stating that the bank "distinguish the considerable global threat laid by climate change", RBS has reported it as 'preposterous' to admit liability for the climate affects ensuing from their loans to fossil fuel projects. Barclays is a financial services group based in UK. It is also an international banking organisation having branches all over Asia-Pacific, Europe and South America. The company is primarily engaged in banking, investment banking and investment management. With regard to market capitalisation, Barclays is one among the top ten banks in the world. Barclays also provides interconnected global services to translational corps and financial institutions all over the world. It is a leading UK retail and business bank with around 76,200 employees and with operations in more than 60 countries. Research Questions The research would help in identifying the following: 1. The role of management in the working environment of both the banks. 2. The major difference in the financial analysis between the two chosen banks. 3. What are the various Valuation Techniques prevalent in the Financial Markets pertaining to the Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) and Barclays Bank Scope of the Research Study Both the banks have grown to be really big so it is very difficult and complex to study its operations in a comprehensive way. Thus this research study will be limited in its quantitative dimension. The questionnaires and interviews will be conducted by limiting the number of employees of both the banks. Due to limitations of the resources it is not possible to conduct a comprehensive quantitative study. On the other hand, the qualitative dimension of this research project will be much more comprehensive since it is

History - French Revolution Essay Example for Free

History French Revolution Essay I truly believe it was the collective effect of all the causes of the French Revolution that finally caused the people to rise up. In 1789 the people of France were suffering under the rule of Louis XVI, who used the countries money to provide him and his family the most luxurious life imaginable, while the people starved. The political regime of the time was a absolute monarchy (regime in which the country is ruled by a King or Queen, who inherit this position and has absolute power), but in theory there was a form of parliament, Estates General that consisted of elected representatives. This group of people could only meet if the King allowed or requested the meeting and in the 175 years of the parliament’s existence there had not been a single meeting. This fact frustrated the people because the King did not take their opinion and needs in consideration. Louis XVI would do as he pleased, a clear example of that was placing people in jail for no absolute reason except maybe his dislike for them. During the 18th century France was in a number of wars leaving the country with a lot of debts. In 1780’s the country had to borrow more money simply to pay interest (the amount of money paid on the money borrowed) on their debts. The royal family had a lifestyle the country could not support because only the lower classes were taxed, the peasants (people who worked on the land), while the higher classes, clergy (the religious leaders, individuals that worked for the roman catholic church, ex: priests) and the nobles (entities with a high social rank, ex: Ladies and Lords) did not pay tax at all. In other words the tax system needed a urgent reform (improvement). The social structure was horribly unfair. It was divided in three groups that were called â€Å"Estates†. The first estate was the Clergy, the people who belong to this estate worked for the Roman Catholic Church, which was at the time the main religion in France. At this specific stage in time the church owned a lot of land and most of their high officials were extremely wealthy. The Nobles formed the second estate. They were given many special rights and privileges. The third estate was made up of 98% of the people. This estate was where all the peasants, middle class traders and all kinds of professionals (ex. Lawyers). They paid heavy tax and had absolutely no privileges at all. Above all the estates was the King and his family with the absolute power. â€Å"It was the collective effect of all the causes of the French Revolution that finally caused the people to rise up. † History Essay Lara Ismael Nogueira Martha  For many centuries people in the whole of Europe accepted the authority of both their Kings and the Roman Catholic Church, a clear example of that was the â€Å"Divine Right of Kings† (this concept simply means that people believed their Kings and Queens were a representation of God and had to be respected and adored as such). Finally during the 18th century many philosophers started questioning these ideas. These period was called the Age of Enlightenment because the people began to question the old ways, led by the church, and created their own. Science had great advances during these times because everything was new, there was something to be discovered everyday†¦ it was at this point that Theocentrism (God in the center of the universe) was put aside and gave room for a complete new way of thinking and living, Anthropocentrism (man in the center of the universe). Diderot was a clear example of a philosopher that question the church and made his opinion well known. He was the leader of a group made up of philosophers that called themselves the â€Å"Encyclopaedists†, they’re goal was to write a series of books called â€Å"Encyclopaedia† (books that contained all existing knowledge). As they began to write the books they became more and more aware of the situation in France. They made their books public, therefore everyone could read them, this act helped spread the revolutionary ideas more than they already were. As the popularity of the Encyclopaedia grew so did the need for individual opinions. Another great example was Rousseau he was the true star, known as the father of democracy, he believed in equality among the people, and wrote about rules that weren’t based or chosen by God but by the people. This was the basic principles of democracy. In May of 1789 the representatives formed the National Assembly and met outside Paris against the Kings will and started a process of reform. They vowed to continue working until they had drawn up a new constitution for the country. However the process was very slow and the people of Paris grew impatient, the bread prices were constantly rising and the unemployment rate grew. On the 14th of July of 1789 angry people invaded the Bastille, killed the governor also some of the soldiers who tried to stop them and freed prisoners. When the news of the takeover reached other parts of France the ordinary people revolted and just like that the revolution started. â€Å"It was the collective effect of all the causes of the French Revolution that finally caused the people to rise up. † History Essay Lara Ismael Nogueira Martha In conclusion all this events such as the rise of bread prices and the unemployment rate in the country, the lack of interest the King showed for his people’s needs and the unfairness between classes made the people of France stand up for all they believed they deserved and needed.

Dietary Supplements And Consumer Behaviour Psychology Essay

Dietary Supplements And Consumer Behaviour Psychology Essay Dietary Supplement is becoming a fast lucrative industry, according to a study published by the Journal of Nutrition. 54 of all American adults took Dietary Supplements in 2006. In a global view, Dietary Supplements increased their combined retail value by 16% in the 2006-2011 year period to reach $97.6 billion. The aim of this literature review is to define and describe all terminologies regarding Dietary Supplements and Consumer Behaviour. We will also look at the different studies and theories regarding consumer buying behaviour. This study will also identify the factors influencing the consumption of Dietary Supplements. 3.1 Dietary Supplements This section helps in understanding what is a Dietary Supplement, what are the different types of Dietary Supplements available and why people generally consume them. We will also cover the pros and cons of consuming Dietary Supplements. 3.1.1 Definition of Dietary Supplements Dietary Supplement is any product which is designed to supplement the diet and that bears one of the following ingredients: a vitamin, a mineral, an herb, an amino acid, or a weight loss supplement (Main et al., 2004). According to the Dietary Supplements Health and Education Act of 1994 of the United States, Dietary Supplements is defined as a product (other than tobacco) which is ingested and contains a dietary ingredient with the purpose of supplementing the diet. These dietary ingredients include minerals, herbs, botanicals, vitamins, amino acids, and substances such as enzymes, glandular organ tissues, metabolites, extracts or concentrates (FDA, 1994). Dietary Supplements include vitamins, minerals, herbs, meal supplements, sports nutrition products, natural food supplements, and other related products used to boost the nutritional content of the diet (Anon, 2011). 3.1.2 Types of Dietary Supplements There are two main types of nutrient supplements namely Micronutrient and Macronutrient. Micronutrient is that nutrient which our body needs in low quantity to function properly but macronutrient is nutrient which is required in a large amount to enable our body to function correctly (Reimer, 2009). Another key difference noted by Reimer (2009), is that macronutrients provide the body with energy whereas micronutrients play an important role in detoxifying the body and warding off harmful diseases. Proteins,  carbohydrates, and fats are examples of macronutrients, and vitamins and  minerals  are examples of micronutrients. Both types of nutrients can be obtained from the diet and supplements. Micronutrients Multivitamins Multivitamins are a combination of many different vitamins that are normally found in food and other natural sources (Cerner, 2012). Vitamins are organic substances that the body needs to function properly. Vitamins help the body to develop, grow and stay healthy. They strengthen the immune system, assist in forming bone and tissue, regulate metabolism, help convert fats and carbohydrates into energy, and protect cells (Rinzler, 2010). Multivitamins are used to provide the body with vitamins that are not taken in through normal diet; multivitamins are also used to treat vitamin deficiencies caused by illness, pregnancy, poor nutrition and digestive disorders (Boyon, 2012). According to Grotto (2009), taking a daily multivitamin with minerals has long been considered as a nutritional insurance to cover dietary shortfalls. Macronutrients Meal Replacements A meal replacement acts as a substitute for a solid food meal. A meal replacement is a prepared product, such as a bar, shake or powder which can substitute a regular meal. Available in various forms, these products are intended to provide healthy amounts of vitamins, minerals and nutrients to make up for those an individual does not get by eating a normal meal (Zangwill, 2008) Sports Nutrition Supplements Sports Nutrition Supplements is a broad category which includes both sports performance and weight loss supplements (Wilborn, 2010). It includes pills, powders, formulas and drinks formulated to enhance physical activity. Some examples are creatine, amino acids, protein formulas, and fat burners. Creatine supplements  are athletic aids used to increase high-intensity athletic performance. (Wikipedia, 2011) Amino acid is a molecule which is necessary to create protein. An inadequate intake of amino acids can result in extremely serious health consequences (Tresca, 2012). Protein supplements are large molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids. Protein is required for the structure, functioning, and regulation of the bodys cell. Protein supplements are mostly purchased and consumed by individuals involved in body building (Rogers, 2007). Fat burners are supplements which help to burn calories by increasing the rate of the bodys metabolism. People who are under diet often use fat burners to reduce their body fat more quickly (Stoppani, 2012). 3.1.3 Reasons for Consuming Dietary Supplements The main reasons highlighted for consuming Dietary Supplements are: Health Purposes Taking supplements can provide additional nutrients when ones diet is lacking or when certain health conditions cause the body to develop an insufficiency or deficiency. In most cases, multivitamin supplements provide all the basic micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) the body needs (Jegtvig, 2013). Dietary Supplement is perceived as a prevention and as a protection against future health issues (Peters et al. 2003). According to (Sadovsky et a/ 2008)., American consumers often cited that they purchased Dietary Supplements because of health promotion. Improving Athletic Performance Athletes often purchase supplements in an attempt to meet or exceed the nutritional demands of sports competition (Antonio, 2010). Dietary Supplements are very popular among professional and recreational athletes, body builders and fitness enthusiasts; they do so mainly for sports nutrition and to seek better performance (Samadi, 2011). Often protein is required to increase the building or repair process of muscle in the human body. The use of high-protein diets has a long history in the sport field; it was reportedly popular with athletes in the Olympics of ancient Greece. According to (Tarnopolsky, 2007) protein intake of strength athletes or bodybuilders should be around 50% to 100% higher than the average population. According to Maughan (2007), knowledge about the composition of foods among athletes is not generally good, which result in a restricted choice of food and Hawley (2006) on the other hand stated that most sporties think they are achieving their protein intake goals. Protein supplement offers athletes the possibility to achieve an adequate level of protein intake without changing too much their eating habits. Protein supplement are easy and quick to take, they can be taken before or after training (Tipton et al., 2006). Improving Personal Appearance According to (Berens, 2008), modern high-fat, high caloric diets combined with physical inactivity have contributed to the epidemic of overweight and obesity in America. In a study conducted by Ogden (2012), it has been found that 57% of the general population of New York were considered overweight or obese. Studies carried out revealed that many consumers purchase and use Dietary Supplements to help them lose weight (Blanck et al., 2008). A large number of Dietary Supplements manufacturers have seen an opportunity and have created weight loss Dietary Supplements to help to combat obesity. Weight loss supplement varies from calcium, fibre, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), green teen extract, meal replacement and Orlistat, an over-the-counter weight loss drug (Parker, 2011). A nationally representative survey found that 33.9% of people who were making a serious weight loss attempt admitted to have used Dietary Supplements (Pillitteri et al., 2008). Some nutritional studies have reveale d that people who use Dietary Supplements generally have a higher nutrient intake from food. According to Mehdi (2007), nutritional Supplements (protein and amino acids) play an important role in the muscle building, hence improving the appearance of the body (muscular body) Avoiding Pharmaceuticals Individual nutrients such as vitamins may be used to treat a simple deficiency, such as an iron deficiency, but sometimes they are used therapeutically to treat specific health conditions or risk factors. Studies have shown that Dietary Supplements is common among people with chronic or recurrent condition (Jacques, 2009). Other factors for use are financial. During the recession, the rise in unemployment and subsequent loss of health has led consumers to turn to Dietary Supplements in an attempt to avoid expensive insurance coverage and minimise cost with dollars and drugs (Mintel, 2009). Main Survey Findings about Dietary Supplements The FSA (2005) research found that: Women are more likely to purchase Dietary Supplements than men. Older people and people caring for their health benefit are more likely to consume Dietary Supplements. The market for dietary is not only exclusive for Adult, 51% of the consumers are children. 3.1.4 Pros and Cons of Consuming Dietary Supplements According to Duran (2011), the following are pros and cons associated with Dietary Supplements: PROS Correction of Nutrient Deficiencies Nutrient deficiencies can lead to serious medical problems, such as anemia, bone fragility, poor immune system function and nervous system abnormalities. Dietary Supplements can help correct the deficiencies and reverse the medical abnormalities associated with the condition. Disease Prevention Specific types of dietary supplements can help reduce the risk for certain types of diseases and medical conditions. CONS Not a Replacement for Food Dietary supplements are not a replacement for food. Food contains a complex constellation of nutrients, including substances called phytochemicals, which biomedical researchers believe provide health benefits. Getting nutrients from wholesome foods is more healthful than relying on Dietary Supplements to meet nutrient needs. Potential for Toxicity When it comes to Dietary Supplements, more is not necessarily better. The fat-soluble vitamins A, D and E can accumulate to toxic levels in the body if taken in doses that significantly exceed the recommended daily allowance. Additionally, certain herbs and botanicals may prove toxic if one is having underlying medical problems, such as chronic kidney or liver disease. Side Effects and Interactions As with any medicinal product, Dietary Supplements sometimes cause side effects and may interact with prescription medications. Serious and potentially life-threatening supplement / drug interactions can also occur. 3.2 Consumer Behaviour This section brushes the main definitions and theories pertaining to consumer behaviour. It also covers the main factors influencing consumer behaviour. 3.2.1 Definition of Consumer Behaviour Consumer behaviour is a complex, dynamic, multidimensional process and all marketing decisions are based on assumption about consumer behaviour (Khan, 2010). A number of different approaches have been brought forward in the study of consumer behaviour. The five approaches are namely Economic Man, Psychodynamic, Behaviourist, Cognitive and Humanistic Approach. 3.2.2 Approaches to Consumer Behaviour Consumer behaviour has been the subject of analysis by economists, psychologists, and management expert. Economists have taken up the study of consumer behaviour in the nineteenth century, while psychologists and management experts are late entrants (Intriligator 1985). Each stream of thought and approach differs from other in view point, contents and thrust of analysis. 3.2.2.1 Economic man Approach According to (Richarme, 2007), work in this area began around 300 years ago, the early research considered man as an entirely rational individual, making decisions based upon the ability to maximise utility whilst doing the minimum effort. In order to behave rationally, the consumer must be aware of all the available consumption options, must be capable of correctly rating each alternative and be able to select the best option (Kanuk, 2007). According to (Simon, 1997) customers rarely have the sufficient information, motivation or time to make the best decision and often make decisions based on influences such as social relationship and values. 3.2.2.2 Psychodynamic Approach This approach was first developed by Sigmund Freud. The psychodynamic approach suggests that behaviour is subject to biological influence through instinctive forces or drives which acts outside the conscious thought (Robertson et al, 1991). The main point in this approach is that behaviour is determined by biological drives, rather than individual cognition or environmental stimuli. 3.2.2.3 Behaviourist Approach Behaviourists regard all behaviour as a response to a stimulus (Sammons, 2005). In other words, they assume that the action of an individual is determined by his environment he is in, which provide a stimuli to which he responds. According to Sammons (2005), the behaviourist approach can be much effective due to the methods it uses, which are the insistence on objectivity, control over variables and precise measurement; thus meaning that the studies carried out tend to be quite reliable. However, Sammons in his article explained that the scientific method used by psychologists must be studied under artificial conditions that often do not reflect the real-world contexts. 3.2.2.4 Cognitive Approach The term cognitive psychology came into use with the publication of the book  Cognitive Psychology  by Ulric Neisser in 1967. Cognitive Psychology revolves around the notion that if we want to know what makes people tick then we need to understand the internal processes of their mind (McLeod, 2007). He also added that the cognitive approach focuses on the way humans process information, looking at how we treat information that comes in to the person (what behaviourists would call stimuli), and how this treatment leads to responses. There are two main types of Cognitive models namely analytical models which provide a framework to explain the behaviour of consumers. These models identify a number of influencing factors and their relationship in the consumer decision making process. These models follow five step classification namely outlining problem recognition, information search, alternative evaluation, choice and outcome evaluation in the consumer decision process (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2007). The two most common known analytical models are the consumer decision model (Blackwell et al, 2001) and the theory of buyer behaviour (Howard and Sheth 1969). The second Cognitive model is the prescriptive model. According to (Moitial, 2007) prescriptive models provide guidelines or frameworks to organise how consumer behaviour is structured. The most widely known models are theory of Reasoned Action who was developed by Fishbein and Ajzen in 1975 and the Theory of Planned Behaviour which was developed by Ajzen in 1985. In the next chapter of this literature review, we will look at the planned behaviour in more details. 3.2.2.5 Humanistic Approach There are a growing number of marketers who believe that the cognitive approach has some major limitations. According to Nataraajan Bagozzi (1999) the first limitation of the cognitive model is that it neglects the role of emotion in decision making. There is a pressing need in the field to balance the rational, cognitive side of marketing thought and practice with new ideas and research on the emotional facets of marketing behaviour (Nataraajan and Bagozzi 1999 p. 637) The second limitation of the cognitive model is that it does not take into consideration the concept of volition (Rey, 2011). According to the Oxford Dictionary, volition can be defined as the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms or a gradual development. The third limitation is that the cognitive model does not take into consideration egoism; there is a lack of research that has examined the influence of altruistic motives on any consumer behaviour. Humanistic Approach priority is to understand peoples subjectivity, try to put oneself in the mind of the individual. As a result, it rejects the objective scientific method as a way of studying people (Sammons, 2011) 3.2.3 Theory of Planned Behaviour The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB; Ajzen 1991) is one of the mainly used cognitive models. The Theory of Planned Behaviour has been introduced by Ajzen in 1991 due to the rising limitation of the previous cognitive model; the Theory of Reasoned; which was developed by Ajzen and Fishbein in 1975. The Theory of Planned Behaviour is based on the assumption that the human being normally behave in a reasonable and sensible manner, when making a decision or undertaking an action; an individual would seek for available information and the implication in doing such action. According to this theory developed by Ajzen, a persons intention to perform or not to perform a behaviour is the most immediate determinant of that action. According to the Theory of Planned Behaviour, intention and behaviour are a function of three determinants; one personal in nature, one reflecting social influence and the third dealing with control (Ajzen, Pg 117). The first determinant that is personal factor is simply the individuals attitude (positive or negative) towards a particular behaviour of interest. The second determinant is the persons social pressure to perform or not to perform such behaviour. It is generally referred to subjective norm (Ajzen, 2002). The third determinant is the sense of self- efficacy or the ability of the individual to perform such behaviour which has been termed by Ajzen as Perceived Behavioural Control. The main difference between the Theory of Reason and the Theory of Planned Behaviour is the control component of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (Conner Spark, 2005). As it was mentioned in the previous paragraph, the Theory of Reason assumes that human social behaviour model is under volitional control and thus it can be predicted from the intention only. Ajzen (1985) found that often, the individual does not have complete control, hence the Perceived Behavioural Control was added to the Theory of Reason. Ajzen named it the Theory of Planned Behaviour where Perceived Behavioural Control could be used to predict the non-volitional behaviours. Perceived Behaviour Control is when a person expecting that the performance of the behaviour is within his/her control and has the confidence that he/she can perform the behaviour (Coner, 2010). This is similar to the concept of self-efficacy developed by (Bandura, 1997). The theory of Theory of Planned Behaviour has been largely tested and has also been successfully applied to understand the different types of behaviour (Conner and Sparks, 2005). Armintage and Corner (2001) reported that, across 154 applications; attitudes, subjective norms and Perceived Behavioural Control accounted to 39% of the variance intention. Perceived Behavioural Control accounted for 27% of the variance in behaviour across 63 applications. Figure 3.1: The Theory of Planned Behaviour, adapted from  Ajzen (1991). 3.2.3.1 Limitations of Theory of Planned Behaviour According to the Theory of Planned Behaviour, intention is determined by three classes of behavioural beliefs (normal norms, subjective norm and perceived behaviour control), however these assumptions are highly debatable. Generally the combination of attitudes, social norms and perceived behavioural control leads to a reasonable prediction of behavioural intention. However, (Schwenk and Moser, 2009) reported that: Although the inferred correlation (between intention and behaviour) is substantial, one should not expect to be able to explain a third of the variation observable in environment behaviour. This indicates that the strong causal of the Ajzen Model is not met in realityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Ogden (2003) noted that the Theory of Planned Behaviour is a conceptual based model and discussed several limitations of Ajzens theory. Based on literature review, Ogden observed that some of the studies carried out under the Theory of Planned Behaviour reported no role for subjective norms; others showed no predictive role for perceived behavioural control and some shows no roles for attitudes. Several suggestions have been put forward within Attitude Theory to understand, explain and reduce the attitude-behaviour gap. A general approach is the extension of the Theory of Planned Behaviour with additional explanatory constructs. The main additional approach which was brought forward was the perceived availability and the importance of price. Ajzen (2002) reported that the perceived behavioural control could be divided into two subclasses namely perceived self efficacy, which refers to the ease or difficulty of performing the behaviour and perceived controllability which refers to the extent to which performance depends on the individual. Perceived controllability deals with consumers external control to buy; the perceived self efficacy deals with consumers internal control to buy (Conner Armitage, 1998). Regarding the importance of prices, higher prices may be an obstacle, especially for low income group consumers to make a purchase (Tarkiainen Sundqvist, 2005) 3.2.4 Factors Influencing Buying Behaviour The stimulus-response method is based on the work of classical psychologists such as Pavlov and Watson (1870), who found that all organisms have psychological drives directly related to their need for survival. According to Hisrich (2000) drives can be divided into primary and secondary drives whereby primary drives refers to the need to avoid pain and the need for belonging whereas secondary drive refers to guilt, pride and acquisitiveness in attempt to satisfy primary drives. As you can see below in the stimulus diagram, Marketing and Environmental stimuli enter the buyers consciousness. The buyers characteristics and decision process will lead to a purchase decision. For my study I will concentrate only on the buyers characteristic to understand how these characteristic affect the decision to purchase or not to purchase a product. 3.2.4.1 Buyers Characteristics Consumer Behaviour can be influenced by buyers characteristics. These characteristics are cultural, social, personal and psychological factors. Those factors exert a certain influence in the mind of customers when buying a particular product according to Kotler (2001) Cultural Factors Cultural factors can be classified into culture, subculture and social class. Those factors are particularly important in understanding the buying behaviour of customers. The factors represent a hierarchy of social influences, ranging from broad, general effects on consumption behaviour such as those imposed by the culture we live in to more specific influences that directly affect a consumers choice of a particular product or brand (Boyd et al, 1998) Culture According to Kotler (2001), culture is the most fundamental determinant of a persons wants and behaviour. Culture is the total way of life of a society, passed from generation to generation, deriving from a group of people sharing and transmitting beliefs, values, attitudes and forms of behaviour that are common to that society and considered worthy of retention (Chisnall, 1985). Kotler reported that a growing child acquires a set of values, perceptions, preferences and behaviours through his or her family and other key institution. Riley (2012) reported that a cultural shift is an important opportunity for marketers. He also argues that a shift towards greater concern about health and fitness has resulted in more industries servicing customers with low calorie foods, health related products, exercise equipment or Dietary Supplements. Subculture Each culture contains subculture, according to Kotler (2001), he defines subculture as nationalities, religions, racial groups and geographical regions. According to Schouten and Mc Alexender (1995), subculture is a distinctive subgroup of society that self-selects on the basis of shared commitment to a particular product class, brand or consumption activity. According to Jim Riley (2001) the young culture has quite distinct values and buyer buying characteristics comp-are to the older generation. Nevertheless, subculture is usually identified through race, nationality, religion, geographical region and age (Hawkins et al, 1989). Social Class According to an article published by the Princeton University (2010) a  social class  is a group of people who have the same social, economic, or educational status in society. According to Kotler (2001), social classes differ in dress speech patterns, recreational preferences and among others. He reported that there are four main types of characteristics which define a social group. Those within each social class tend to behave more alike than persons from two different social classes. Persons are perceived as occupying inferior or superior positions according to social class. Social class is indicated by a cluster of variables (occupation, income, wealth, social class) Individual can move from one social class to another one (up or down). Social Factors Apart from cultural factors, consumer behaviour is also influenced by social factors such as reference groups, opinion leaders and family Reference Groups Kotler (2001) defines reference groups as all the groups that have a direct (face-to-face) or indirect influence on an individuals attitude or behaviour. Another definition of reference groups is those groups the consumer identifies himself with and wants to join. Opinion leaders   Opinion leaders  are people with expertise in certain areas. According to Bergstrom (2008), an opinion leader is anyone who has an active voice in a community; it is somebody who speaks out and who is often asked for advice. Brenna (2013) reported that health and fitness movement is now influencing many industries including food, travel, clothing, footwear, entertainment and among others. OptiMyz Magazine (Sport and Nutrition Magazine, 2013) revealed that their readers are educated, affluent and focused; they tend to be opinion leaders in their social groups. Readers would recommend their siblings to use the supplements advertised in the magazine. Family According to Kotler (2001), the family is the most important consumer-buying organisation in society. The individual members who make up the family unit exercise an influence over each others behaviour and therefore the activities which form part of consumer decision-making (Cox, 1975). Kotler (2001) stated that in countries where parents live with their grown children, their influence can be substantial. In the United States, the husband-wife involvement has traditionally varied widely by product category. Psychological Factors Even if two consumers have equal involvement with a product, they often purchase different brands for different reasons. The information they collect, the way they process and interpret it and their evaluation of alternative brands are influenced by psychological variables. Those variables are motivation, perception, learning and belief and attitudes (Boyd et al., 1998). Motivation Motivation is the force, which energises behaviour, gives direction to it and underlines the tendency to persist (Barton et al, 1996). According to recent studies carried out, it has been proved that motivation may affect reasoning through reliance on a biased set of cognitive process (Eagly Chaiken, 1993). Therefore understanding motivation is very important. Learning Learning is to gain knowledge, understanding or skill by study, instruction or experience (Arbib et al., 2005). Osselear and Alba (1999) further laid down that consumers learn the relationship between product attributes and quality and they will differentiate among brands that possess different attributes and treat as commodities those brands that share the same attributes. Personal Factors A buyers decisions are also influenced by personal characteristics. These include the buyers age and stage in the life cycle, occupation and economic circumstances, lifestyle and personality. Age and Stage in the Life Cycle Age has an impact on consumers buying decision. The type of leisure activities they participate in, the likelihood of their being in education or at work, their need for health care and their preferences for style and fashions will change them. (Crown, 2009) Occupation and Economic Circumstances People who function in higher status occupations have characteristics personalities, motives and values that set them apart from those in less prestigious positions (Kohn Schoenbach, 1983; Kohn et al. 1990). Lifestyle Lifestyle is defined as a pattern in which people spend time and money. People from the same culture, social class and occupation may have very different lifestyles, expressed in their own activities, interests and opinions. Lifestyle as such influences the consumer in his purchase of products (Chellum Esson, 1999). 3.2.5 Buyers Decision Process In this model, the consumer passes through five stages: problem recognition, information search, evaluation and selection of alternatives, decision implementation, and post-purchase evaluation. The diagram below depicts the process which goes in the mind of a buyer when deciding to effectuate a purchase. Figure 3.2: The Consumer Information Processing Model Source: Adopted from Kotler (1997) Problem Recognition The consumer buying process begins when the buyer recognises a problem or need (Ken Matsuno, 2007). Typically, researchers seek to identify consumer problems by analysing the factors that widen the gap between the actual and the desired state. The desired state of the consumer is inspired by their aspirations and circumstances. Culture, sub-culture, reference group and lifestyle trends can cause people to change their desired state. Information Search When a consumer discovers a problem, he/she is likely to engage in internal and external information searches. It has been recognised that information search often precedes brand preference formation and that search behaviours may vary according to individual characteristics (Block et al., 1896). Usually educated people are more likely to engage in more meaningful search for information, thereby contributing to a higher level of search (Kiel and Layton, 1981; Marvel, 1996; Newman Staelin, 1971) Evaluation of Alternatives Consumers may apply a variety of criteria in evaluating purchase alternatives, which will vary in importance of influence in shaping alternative evaluation and selection (Black et al, 2001). According to Matsuno (2007), by gathering information, the

Censorship in Schools Essay example -- Censorship Censoring Literature

Censorship in Schools There has recently been a renewed interest and passion in the issue of censorship. In the realm of the censorship of books in schools alone, several hundred cases have surfaced each year for nearly the past decade. Controversies over which books to include in the high school English curriculum present a clash of values between teachers, school systems, and parents over what is appropriate for and meaningful to students. It is important to strike a balance between English that is meaningful to students by relating to their lives and representing diversity and satisfying worries about the appropriateness of what is read. This burden often falls on teachers. The purpose of this research paper is to discuss censorship in schools and to argue that the censorship of books in the high school English curriculum is limiting and takes away literature that is meaningful to students. How a Book is Censored Brinkley describes a few actions that can lead to the censoring of a book in a school or school system: An expression of concern is simply a question about the material with overtones of disapproval; an oral complaint is an oral challenge to the contents of a work; a written complaint is a formal written challenge to the school about the contents of a work; and a public attack is a public statement challenging the contents of a work that is made outside of the school, usually to the media to gain support for further action (1999). Brinkley also points out an important difference between selection and censorship: Selection is the act of carefully choosing works for an English course that will be age-appropriate, meaningful, and fulfill objectives, while censorship is the act of excluding works that some con... ...nts out that censors often pick out very short passages of a work without taking into account its context in the entire scheme of the novel. Shen, F. (2002 September 24). Off the shelf; Who should decide what books you read? The Washington Post, pp.2. Retrieved December 2, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis/Academic database. This article addresses some of the reasons that censors attempt to remove books from the curriculum: Many censors feel that works are not age appropriate for students. Staff, Wire Reports. (2002 October 3). Book banning spans the globe. The Houston Chronicle, pp.C14. Retrieved December 2, 2002 from Lexis-Nexis/Academic database. This article emphasizes the point that censors go too far when they attempt to not only ban a book for their own children but want to remove it altogether from a school library, so that other students cannot read it.

A Capitalist Economy vs Socialist Economy Essay -- Capitalist Economic

A Capitalist Economy vs Socialist Economy There are a variety of economic systems today, which can influence how prosperous we will be as individuals or as a group. Socialism is an economic system where the government will be greatly involved in the economy. In a socialist economy the government can control many industries, provide public institutions such as health care and education, and equalize incomes of the population. A socialist economy is one of low unemployment and stability, where the government sets production quotas and price regulation upon their perception of the needs of the economy. On the other hand, a capitalistic economy is an economic system where there is a very limited amount of government involvement. The capitalistic economy is based on the demand of consumers and the supply of producers. There is a great advantage of living in a nation where there is a low amount of government intervention in the economy, because government intervention reduces the freedom of markets, causes a slow growing economy, and exploits the consumers in the economy. Firstly, high government intervention reduces the freedom of the markets. When the government controls an economy, the population is taxed in order to fund national programs. Taxing the consumers of the economy will reduce the personal spending, therefore causing the economy to grow in areas of public service such as education and health care instead of technology and fashion. Furthermore, the industries in a social economy are directed by quotas, which is production targets set by the government. The quotas don’t often represent the need in the economy, therefore causing a surplus or a deficit of products, which leads to small profits.... ...ions placed on industries in a social economy will affect the price, variety, and quality of products produced in their economy. In conclusion, there is a great advantage of living in a nation where there is a low amount of government intervention in the economy, because government intervention reduces the freedom of markets, causes a slow growing economy, and exploits the consumers in the economy. Capitalism provides a marketplace where industries compete in order attract more consumers, therefore providing more efficient, qualitative and plenty of variety for consumers. This efficiency, quality, and variety will help the economy grow in whatever way it wants to, making capitalism the most flexible economic systems. The nature of human beings is, one is satisfied, when he/she has provided the necessities for himself first, then the people around him.

Red mans speech :: essays research papers

RED MAN’S SPEECH Today’s hot and sunny Red Man, perhaps it’s the huge mass of people but I’m really getting hot in this tinny room for sure, the walls are shattered, the floor is ruined, those punks are cutting out the breeze I need!. God damn it! I’m sweating like a pig on a day-spa but it doesn’t matter, it’ll worth it. Should I pull the trigger now? No, not yet. I’ll wait, after all, I’ve been waiting for this moment long time ago. I can see your fat ass standing on the stage above a fiercely crowd, shouting, mocking, smiling at sometimes, but incredibly mad at most of your speech. Where did you get that watch? it’s a nice one, I guess you deserve it, because you know, time is the most essential thing, and those shoes man! those are not the same ones you wore four years ago, but it’s all right, same way you’ll pay for them in a few minutes. Maybe I’m getting angry, too angry to lose my concentration, I need to stay sharp. Focus man, just focus. It’s incredible how people can even listen to your idiotic non-sense bullshit through all this time, Imperialism this, fascism that, your right, people’s wrong and yada yada yada... the huge mass of drunk people are quite still, looking like mummified puppets wandering when in the name of Jesus you will stop. Before doing my task, tell me red man, why are you always wearing that little red hat? and why people seem so attracted to the notions of your selfish and out of this world reality? I gotta make a shot now, I’m tripping, the young lady is looking at me from that corner, perhaps she knows my plan, I gotta hurry, I’m loosing my chance. Should I do it? I can’t afford not to, my country has my back, destiny has my back, I’m not crazy, I just don’t wanna hear your voice no more, I wish to watch T.V. without your stupid face interrupting the shows I love. I’m sick and tired of all of this, the time is running, my patience’s dying, We will win Red Man, you’ll see, we will win. My hands are all wet now, this will definitely affect my accuracy. This is my chance, I can see your eyes are full of hate. Wait a second, now you talking about your grandma?

A research on the effects of birth order on personality family and society Essay

How Does Birth Order Affect Personality, Family, and Society? Introduction This research project will investigate birth order and how it directly affects one’s personality. This project explains why individuals behave differently within the family. According to the systems theory, families adapt in response to changes in internal and external needs and circumstances, including the development of individual family members (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). For primary research, opinions from different hierarchical perspectives will be provided through a survey. Depending on one’s position in the sibling hierarchy, personalities differ because different stages carry different roles and responsibilities. This research project will look at how each stage affects personality. Method For the primary research, a total of fifteen questions were asked to 6 people. Each of the interviewees was of different levels in the sibling hierarchy, i.e. first born, last born, the middle child, only child, and twins. In between each question, the subjects would have time to properly think about their next answer, this way results would be accurate and as substantial as possible. The first interview was conducted with a set of 20-year-old twins, this interview was the most interesting and had the most answers. The next subject was a 13-year-old girl who is the only child of her family, the interview lasted seven minutes. The third interview was conducted with a 17-year-old girl, a 14-year-old girl and an 11-year-old boy, they were all siblings and would represent each part of the sibling hierarchy. Topics about the personality and how it affects relationship within the home and outside of the home were discussed. The topics covered were: personality traits and parent-child relationships. Results All of the subjects were teenagers specifically because they would be experiencing the effects of their birth order currently as they are still at home with parents. One hundred percent of the interviewed subjects identified with, and agreed upon the following characteristics and stereotypes: First Borns: High achievers Perfectionists Obsessive Responsible Controlling Middle Children: Very Social Generous Diplomatic Mediators Values friendships and relationships Somewhat rebellious Last Borns: Attention seekers Outgoing Selfish Creative Humourous Discussion This study is supported by Alfred Adler’s theory of personality development. Alder was influenced and inspired by Charles Darwin’s study of genetic evolution and adaptation. Darwin’s phenomena can help explain why children tend to differentiate their personalities and carry out tasks uniquely based on their own individual approach to life in order to reduce competition and conflict. Children influence most of the relations that happen within the family, they decide for themselves the role they will play in the family, parents only help reinforce those choices (Schafer, 2015). Some might deem themselves as the â€Å"responsible one†, the â€Å"goody-two-shoes†, the â€Å"smarty pants†, the athlete, the persevering etc†¦ Alder, who is a world-renowned psychologist would suggest that children be raised or treated individually; meaning as the unique individuals that they are. The primary socialization in a child’s life is determined b y the family. The family helps you gain a sense of who you are (Holloway, 107). If a child is not raised individually, with each of their stereotyped personality traits taken into consideration, it could result in a low self-esteem, conflict and possibly distance within the family. The Theory of Ego development, founded by Jane Loevinger discusses how ego is developed in three stages (Holloway, 105). The second stage of this theory talks about people understanding and accepting their individual differences and through that, distinguishing variations in feelings and emotions that make people unique (Holloway, 105). Most parents might not understand the psychology that is behind a child’s position in the family, which is why many children especially the middle child, might complain of lessened love and misunderstanding. A parent should feel responsible for the well-being of their child, but many of them overlook the importance of understanding the essence of birth order. 2 out of 5 interviewees described their relationship with their parents as normal without any real problems. The other 3 however, agreed upon the fact that their parents do not understand them and in fact treat their siblings and them the same and bringing them up as â€Å"one person†; saying things like â€Å"Be like sibling A†, â€Å"Sibling A gets very high grades, why is it different with you?†. It is a challenge for parents to understand their children and treat them based on their different characters and psyche, which is why most parents don’t even bother. Feelings of neglect and unimportance may arise within certain children when they compare their relationships with their parents to that of their siblings. Sibling relationships are one of the most significant relationships people experience through life. They help define our early social and cognitive skills. The emotional connection and protection that comes from a sibling bond is a great life satisfaction that helps reduce levels of depression. They can teach us about conflict resolution, managing social tensions, conduct friendships and handle ourselves in group situations (http://internationalschoolparent.com/). Gender also has a role to play in birth order positions. In the case of the first-born child, oldest males are more of leaders as they tend to take charge. Oldest daughters, on the other side of the spectrum, are more aggressive and confident, sometimes bossy. â€Å"Middleborns are the Type O blood of relationships: They go with anyone,† (Schipani, 2010). Middle children tend to be good at making compromises as they would have bossy older siblings and needy younger siblings. The youngest child of the family is usuall y treasured and in many cases treated as babies for much longer than their older siblings. The youngest siblings of the family also tend to stray away from taking charge and might be seen as the shy and quiet sheep of the family. The only children of the family are usually stereotyped to be precious and would be pampered as they have all the attention on them; parents would not have to split attention and in worse cases love between siblings because there is only one child. Many say that only children are more mature for their age because of the amount of time they spend with their parents. My research showed that the 13-year-old girl interviewed who is the only child of the family, considered herself more socially aware than her peers and is very much accustomed to and satisfied with her own company. Symbolic interactionism examples that a child’s self-esteem is determined by the parent’s appraisal of the child’s worth, this occurs during the parent-child interaction. It assumes that supportive parental behavior like nurturance, approval, and love all determine a child’s inherent worth (Adkins, 2003). The child will be able to confirm that his parents accept him for who he is and see him as a competent and worthwhile person. The more the parent interact with a child using positive sentiments, the child will positively act upon not just her immediate family but the environment around her. The theory states that if parent-child relationships are spread across equally amongst all children, all the children within the family will have an equal self-esteem.    Conclusion As proven by Alfred Adler’s theory, birth order does have an effect on one’s personality. As well as individualistically, a child’s position in the family can reflect on his immediate family, meaning sibling and parent relationships as well as how they relate to the outside world. If parents don’t learn to properly care for their children individualistically, conflict and feelings of incompetence could arise within the family.    Citations Adkins, K. L. (2003, May). Predicting Self-Esteem Based on Perceived Parental Favoritism and Birth Order. In Tennessee State University Graduate Studies. Retrieved from< http://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1907&context=etd> Schafer, A. (2015, May 5). Birth Order Theory. In HUFF POST PARENTS CANADA. Retrieved from Schipani, D. (2010, May 28). How Does Birth Order Affect Relationships? In Women’s Day. Retrieved from White, James Martin., and Margaret Holloway. Families in Canada: Social Contexts, Continuities, And Changes. Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005. Print. Whiteman SD, McHale SM, Soli A. Theoretical perspectives on sibling relationships. J Fam Theory Rev. 2011;3:124–139. What Does Birth Order Say About You (n.d.). In International School Parent. Retrieved from

Vote of Thanks

A blazing start paves the way for surefire success. This also applies for the hugely anticipated annual inter school extravaganza LA Fest. A yearly conclave that causes sparks to fly as the titans from rival clans face off for a fight to the finish. Wars have been waged on this very stage . The ethereal aura has passed but has not dimmed in the slightest. On the contrary it shines more radiantly in the light from the new dawn that is breaking. We had a very auspicious beginning under the aegis of Dr. Soorya Krishnamoorthy . the initiator of the much lauded and immensely popular Soorya Festival. He needs no more introduction. I , on behalf of the entire Loyola fraternity profusely our C G for having spared his time. I invite Rev. Fr. K P Mathew to present the memento to Dr. Soorya Krishnamoorthy as a token of our gratitude. I proceed to thank the backbone of all our ventures here at Loyola , our principal Fr. K P Mathew ably assisted by our vice principals Fr. Devassy Paul and Fr. Antu Xavier. What is a party without guests ? Similarly what is a LA Fest sans the presence of the participating schools ? A round of applause to all the visitors for making the atmosphere festive yet charged with a healthy friendly competition. Organization is not just one big thing , but a million small things. I thank all the teaching and non teaching staff for their meticulousness in helping so far. Last but never the least I thank all you Loyolites , you are the heart , soul and spirit of every function. You are the fuel that ignites the fire. 17 tales have been wrought into history. The 18th edition will be branded into your memory as one unforgettable climax. LA Fest has come of age. The question is can you unravel your story in our theatre of dreams?†¦ Thank you for being here. I hope you all will enjoy this day†¦Thank you. Vote of Thanks Vote of Thanks Welcome ladies, gentlemen, staff, pupils and ex students. I will keep this a short vote of thanks, so don’t worry! To start I would like to thank Mr Robin Gregory, who has come here this evening to present the awards. As the Chair of governors, he has an important role in our school. It may not be as well known as being the Head Mistress, for example, but he and the governors who give freely of their time are vital to the successful running of our school. I would like to thank Father Michael both for the spiritual guidance he gives our community and for presenting the school awards.I would like to acknowledge the dedication of all the teaching staff, who function like a well oiled machine, helping and supporting us to all achieve to the very best of our abilities. I’m sure at times we would test the patience of a saint! You go out of your way to help us. All your hard work and effort is reflected in the outstanding GCSE results. We must not forget the sup port staff who without all your hard work, the school would just not operate. I speak on behalf of all the year 11s past and present. Those 3 rd helpings of pudding really do help us to get through the long afternoons!To all the Sisters who provide the spiritual support and a listening ear that we need during the course of our school lives, especially during our examinations. Thank you. Sister Francis, you are the leader of the School and of this fantastic team of staff, sisters, governors and students. Your drive, dedication and determination, is an inspiration to us all. You have provided the school with new playground facilities which are enjoyed by all, and greatly appreciated. Together we express deep gratitude to you and for all that you have done for this school and its pupils.I must also acknowledge the tremendous support that the school receives from all of the parents. You are generous enough to allow your children to come to this school, especially in these times of auste rity. You organise yourselves around netball matches, swimming galas, summer fetes and Christmas bazaars, just to name a few! Thank you. Last but no means least, I say, a warm thank you to the students who apply themselves in all their lessons, school events and extracurricular activities. This has been shown in the awards that we have presented this evening.For me this school is like a very large extended family, which cares for us and when we need someone, there will always be somebody there for us whether if it is a member of staff, fellow class mate, or even someone from another class, who we have never really spoken to before. This school is our stepping stone to greater things; college, sixth form, university, or obtaining a job, travelling the world, becoming an actress, musician, professor, teacher, doctor, nurse, dentist, chef or artist. This is what gives us the courage to reach for what we dream. So I thank you all personally, because you are what motivate us to embrace o ur futures. Vote of Thanks Vote of Thanks Welcome ladies, gentlemen, staff, pupils and ex students. I will keep this a short vote of thanks, so don’t worry! To start I would like to thank Mr Robin Gregory, who has come here this evening to present the awards. As the Chair of governors, he has an important role in our school. It may not be as well known as being the Head Mistress, for example, but he and the governors who give freely of their time are vital to the successful running of our school. I would like to thank Father Michael both for the spiritual guidance he gives our community and for presenting the school awards.I would like to acknowledge the dedication of all the teaching staff, who function like a well oiled machine, helping and supporting us to all achieve to the very best of our abilities. I’m sure at times we would test the patience of a saint! You go out of your way to help us. All your hard work and effort is reflected in the outstanding GCSE results. We must not forget the sup port staff who without all your hard work, the school would just not operate. I speak on behalf of all the year 11s past and present. Those 3 rd helpings of pudding really do help us to get through the long afternoons!To all the Sisters who provide the spiritual support and a listening ear that we need during the course of our school lives, especially during our examinations. Thank you. Sister Francis, you are the leader of the School and of this fantastic team of staff, sisters, governors and students. Your drive, dedication and determination, is an inspiration to us all. You have provided the school with new playground facilities which are enjoyed by all, and greatly appreciated. Together we express deep gratitude to you and for all that you have done for this school and its pupils.I must also acknowledge the tremendous support that the school receives from all of the parents. You are generous enough to allow your children to come to this school, especially in these times of auste rity. You organise yourselves around netball matches, swimming galas, summer fetes and Christmas bazaars, just to name a few! Thank you. Last but no means least, I say, a warm thank you to the students who apply themselves in all their lessons, school events and extracurricular activities. This has been shown in the awards that we have presented this evening.For me this school is like a very large extended family, which cares for us and when we need someone, there will always be somebody there for us whether if it is a member of staff, fellow class mate, or even someone from another class, who we have never really spoken to before. This school is our stepping stone to greater things; college, sixth form, university, or obtaining a job, travelling the world, becoming an actress, musician, professor, teacher, doctor, nurse, dentist, chef or artist. This is what gives us the courage to reach for what we dream. So I thank you all personally, because you are what motivate us to embrace o ur futures. Vote of Thanks Vote of Thanks Welcome ladies, gentlemen, staff, pupils and ex students. I will keep this a short vote of thanks, so don’t worry! To start I would like to thank Mr Robin Gregory, who has come here this evening to present the awards. As the Chair of governors, he has an important role in our school. It may not be as well known as being the Head Mistress, for example, but he and the governors who give freely of their time are vital to the successful running of our school. I would like to thank Father Michael both for the spiritual guidance he gives our community and for presenting the school awards.I would like to acknowledge the dedication of all the teaching staff, who function like a well oiled machine, helping and supporting us to all achieve to the very best of our abilities. I’m sure at times we would test the patience of a saint! You go out of your way to help us. All your hard work and effort is reflected in the outstanding GCSE results. We must not forget the sup port staff who without all your hard work, the school would just not operate. I speak on behalf of all the year 11s past and present. Those 3 rd helpings of pudding really do help us to get through the long afternoons!To all the Sisters who provide the spiritual support and a listening ear that we need during the course of our school lives, especially during our examinations. Thank you. Sister Francis, you are the leader of the School and of this fantastic team of staff, sisters, governors and students. Your drive, dedication and determination, is an inspiration to us all. You have provided the school with new playground facilities which are enjoyed by all, and greatly appreciated. Together we express deep gratitude to you and for all that you have done for this school and its pupils.I must also acknowledge the tremendous support that the school receives from all of the parents. You are generous enough to allow your children to come to this school, especially in these times of auste rity. You organise yourselves around netball matches, swimming galas, summer fetes and Christmas bazaars, just to name a few! Thank you. Last but no means least, I say, a warm thank you to the students who apply themselves in all their lessons, school events and extracurricular activities. This has been shown in the awards that we have presented this evening.For me this school is like a very large extended family, which cares for us and when we need someone, there will always be somebody there for us whether if it is a member of staff, fellow class mate, or even someone from another class, who we have never really spoken to before. This school is our stepping stone to greater things; college, sixth form, university, or obtaining a job, travelling the world, becoming an actress, musician, professor, teacher, doctor, nurse, dentist, chef or artist. This is what gives us the courage to reach for what we dream. So I thank you all personally, because you are what motivate us to embrace o ur futures.

Insigh Paper “Story of Earth” Essay

The Earth is said to be â€Å"the only home to life in the universe† but five billion years ago there was no signal of the planet that we can call it home. Instead there was only a new star and a cloud of dust in our solar system. Over billions of years, a series of violent changes led to the formation of our world and, eventually, the creation of life. As stated in the movie 4500 million years ago the earth looks like hell than home. Also, we can definitely see it as a â€Å"boiling ball of liquid rock or an endless ocean of lava† because the sun was only 22,000 kilometers away from our planet. As time goes by, Meteorite starts showering the planet and brings water 3, 900 million years ago. Then, 3,800 million years ago the molten rocks burst in the earth’s crust and rises up which forms a volcanic islands which may eventually became the first continent. Might as in this year, it begins to make the earth a planet that we can live but the atmosphere was toxic and meteorite dissolves and transport carbon, proteins, amino acids from space to the ocean. Microscopic organisms are also found and the first sign of life is called the single cell bacteria which is the chemicals under water. Furthermore, 3,500 million years ago Astrometalites was also found it is also called as â€Å"the most important element† because it helps in the photosynthesis process. Afterwards, 1,500 million years ago the earth is no longer a living planet. There were no complex life, plant, dinosaur and even humans. At this time, the earth was also called as the blue ball that has scattered volcanic islands. Then, the oldest known supercontinent was introduced it was called Rodinia. It was formed about 1100 million years ago and broke apart 750 million years ago. Also, in this year, the day was counted only 18 hours. 750 million years ago, the heat in the earth’s crust was said the reason why the supercontinent split into pieces. About 650 million years ago, it was the longest and coldest period of ice age ever to grief the earth and about 3 kilometers of ice was suppressing the earth so that the scientists call the earth as a â€Å"snow ball†. As the time passed by, the ice is also melted. And 540 million years ago, the primitive bacteria evolve into plants and something else. Trilobites are distance relatives of insects and even scorpions. Nomolicarius(sir I’m not so sure of the spelling) was also found in that era. It was 60 meters long and has a large eyes, sharp teeth and grasping limbs. Picaia(sir I’m not so sure of the spelling) a organism that has a 5 centimeters long and may also be evolving into spine. As conclusion, the earth created by dust and rocks at the universe. Also it was surpass different cycle. As the time passed by, a boiling ball of rock with an endless ocean of lava. Then it became a blue ball and finally an earth surrounded by ice.

Sociological Imagination -Teen Pregnancy

Sociological imagination is defined by C. Wright Mills as the â€Å"vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider society†. It is the process of looking at your own life in the context of your society or community. This paper is looking at teenage pregnancy and the impact on society, and will provide a sociological imagination analysis of the individual and social impact. Being an un-married and pregnant teenager can be an incredibly challenging and scary experience especially if that child does not have a support structure. The national Campaign to prevent teen and planned pregnancy (NCPTP) reports that 3 out of every 10 children under the age of 20 become pregnant at least once, and 67% of those new families are in poverty, of which 52% are on welfare (â€Å"the national†, n. d). Being a teenage mother comes with a plethora of issue for the individual and for society. Teenage mothers lack a level of maturity that comes with age and experiences, they may try to hide the pregnancy, not take care of themselves and continue with risky behavior that could jeopardize the health of the infant and the mother. Their lack of maturity may led them to believe that everything will be alright, that they can be a great mother, that their boyfriend will eventually see the light and step up to the plate. But this is rarely the case, more often than not the child is born of low birth weight, premature or with other health conditions. Those children will probably suffer abuse, perform poorly in school and use the welfare system to help support themselves; it can become a vicious and publicly expensive cycle that is very difficult to break. A teenage mother from a lower class broken family may have a completely different experience than that of an upper class family. She may experience poor nutrition, neglect and herself be the result of a teenage mother. A lifestyle of this nature may also lead to self esteem issues, drug use and other criminal behaviors. It is not uncommon for young women in this scenario to be a member of a family on welfare, and it may actually seem normal to them to become pregnant early and to go on welfare. What we experience in our lives become normal for the small society around us and sometimes it is very difficult to move outside that circle, especially if there is abuse or a financial challenge holding them there. She has no life experience or a proper understanding of the responsibilities involved in raising a child. She is just following in the footsteps of those around her. This lack of maturity, education and vision limits how she views the impact on society. She is so caught up in her world with limited exposure outside her environment that the negative impact on society may not even cross her mind. The costs of the programs she uses like welfare need to be paid by someone, and that someone is the tax payer. In 2010 463,000 children were in foster care and it is more likely that the teenagers in foster care will end up as teenage parents; those children are also more likely to end up in foster care themselves (â€Å"teen pregnancy†, 2010). In 2004 the taxpayers needed to pay 2. 3 billion dollars to cover these costs (â€Å"teen pregnancy†, 2010). If you take this one step further and look past the total costs and go down to the individual that pays their taxes to support these programs, you may see more and more family struggle to cover the bill. It would benefit all involved if more effort was placed on education and programs to help control teenage pregnancy, and maybe we should all take a look at how sexual our society has become. References Teen pregnancy and child welfare (2010, August). Retrieved on April 30, 2011 from, http://www.thenationalcampaign.org/why-it-matters/pdf/child_welfare.pdf The national data to prevent teen and unplanned pregnancy (n.d). Retrieved on April 29, 2011 from, http://www.thenationalcampaign.org/national-data/default.aspx

Business Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Economics - Essay Example Euro crisis is supposed to result in negative growth for the next upcoming six months. Apart from US, the British are encountering the problem of double dip recession (Winnett, 2011). Currently OECD is giving warning to the US government about an emerging economic slowdown that the country might have to encounter soon. OECD claims to derive such a result from the composite index of the leading indicators. Such alerts have been issued for the seven major economies. It is mostly using CLI instrument to get early signals of downturn from the upswings and downswings within the periodical growth cycle. Such an instrument will surely help OECD to send out early alerts to the economies (Major economies globally heading towards slowdown: OECD, 2008). Symptoms for such a slowdown will be continuous fluctuations in business cycles. Such fluctuations will linger for a long period of time. Slowdown in the euro zone will lose out the confidence of investors especially in the financial markets. Th is could be the main reason behind output contraction in the major economies. United States is already experiencing cyclical slowdowns. Such a trouble had not touched US economy in the last 10 years (Major economies globally heading towards slowdown: OECD, 2008). Preannounced liquidity shocks have been hitting the US economy. Due to such shocks US economy is undergoing unexpectedly large price changes. In recent times jumps in US treasury bonds have been identified (Jiang and George, 2011). Earlier in 1999, OECD had predicted much slower growth in the overall industrialization process for the United States. Accordingly there has a decrease in the short term rate of Federal Reserve Board (Wessel, 98). As per OECD, such a slow and weak growth for the United States is likely to continue till 2013. This will continue along with high unemployment (Winning and Parussini, 2011). The current economic crisis and the Federal government: There are two schools of thought on how the USA governme nt should deal with its current economic problems. One thought deals with the policy of significant deficit reduction that the Greek and Irish governments have implemented. And the other one deals with the substantive Keynesian stimulus package. The later aspect includes a reform of the tax system in order to make taxation more progressive (Kitromilides, n.d.). Policies of deficit reduction: Policies: During the financial crisis and huge debt crisis situation, governments of Greece and Ireland have taken some policies to surmount those crises. In the face of the huge accumulation of budget deficit, debt crisis, in 2010, the both the governments have taken policies to reduce these crises. At first both the governments have taken steps to reduce public expenditures and increase tax rates. This was a policy of fiscal consolidation plan. Along with this both the governments have asked for the financial assistance to IMF and EU. At the same time these governments have taken steps to init iate long-term structural reforms, such as, increasing competitiveness of the economies by improving employment and growth scenarios, enhancing private sector investments, and most importantly boosting the R&D sector of the economies (Kitromilides, n.d.). Explanations on effectiveness: These policies are still under the scrutiny, but they have been successful in the short term. The policy of reducing public expenditure