The On Long Term Economic Growth - 1768 Words

The government of Australia intends on focusing on long term economic growth specifically in relation to small business. The purpose of this report is to understand and analyses how the 1.5% tax cut on small business actually impacts or will potentially impact (positively or negatively) the economy. In relation to this topic, microeconomic theories have been used to gain an insight. For this purpose, most data have been collected from secondary sources like literature reviews, journal article, government websites, other websites etc. The limitation of this report is that it is not possible to acquire information on all current and future possible scenarios constraining our scope. It also does not cover the macroeconomic aspect of the†¦show more content†¦Incorporated companies can reap the benefit by paying only 28.5% tax while unincorporated small business get the benefit by a 5% discount on their income capped at $1000 a year. In order to fully comprehend the extend of benefit this has on business, employees, individuals and consumer we need to first understand what encompasses small business. ABS defines small business as one that employees less than 20 people. Sole proprietorships and partnership, with or without employees and micro business also count as small business. In 2013-2014, small business accounted for 33.1 % of total industry value added in Australian economy. Compared to larger business, small business have tax disadvantage because their growth is hundred percent funded by internal sources and also it has no total control over its price and profit. This paper considers the microeconomic approach to analyse the impact of small business tax cut so that we are able to understand how taxes affect the behaviour of individual firms operating in the industry. Purpose: In this report we will be analysing how tax cut as a factor impacts individual firms and their decisions concerning production, profit, investment, price and consumption of consumers. Also we will analyse the risk factors involved in making such tax cut decisions Rational of report: The main rational for preparation of this report is to understand the true extent of the effect of

Brief Summary of the Harlem Renaissance. - 1863 Words

Harlem Renaissance Variously known as the New Negro movement, the New Negro Renaissance, and the Negro Renaissance, the movement emerged toward the end of World War I in 1918, blossomed in the mid- to late 1920s, and then faded in the mid-1930s. The Harlem Renaissance marked the first time that mainstream publishers and critics took African American literature seriously and that African American literature and arts attracted significant attention from the nation at large. Although it was primarily a literary movement, it was closely related to developments in African American music, theater, art, and politics. BEGINNINGS The Harlem Renaissance emerged amid social and intellectual upheaval in the African American community in the early†¦show more content†¦Devoted to defining the aesthetic of black literature and art, the Harlem issue featured work by black writers and was edited by black philosopher and literary scholar Alain Leroy Locke. Later that year Locke expanded the special issue into a book, The New Negro, which became the landmark anthology of the age. The second event was the publication of Nigger Heaven (1926) by white novelist Carl Van Vechten. The book was a spectacularly popular exposà © of Harlem life. Although the book offended some members of the black community, its coverage of both the elite and the baser sides of Harlem helped create a Negro vogue that drew thousands of sophisticated New Yorkers, black and white, to Harlems exotic and exciting nightlife and stimulated a national market for African American literature and music. Finally, in the autumn of 1926 a group of y oung black writers produced their own literary magazine, Fire!! With Fire!! a new generation of young writers and artists, including Langston Hughes, Wallace Thurman, and Zora Neale Hurston, emerged as an alternative group within the Renaissance. CHARACTERISTICS No common literary style or political ideology defined the Harlem Renaissance. What united participants was their sense of taking part in a common endeavor and their commitment to giving artistic expression to the African American experience. Some common themes existed, such as an interest in the roots of the 20th-century African American experience inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem September Cotton Flower By Jean Toomer1586 Words   |  7 Pagesalways a beacon of hope amongst doleful situations. From every ending comes a new beginning. The poem, â€Å"November Cotton Flower†, written by Jean Toomer, describes (the conditions when slaves were under the Harlem Renaissance) the conditions in which slaves were under during the Harlem Renaissance where there seems to be no prospect for a brighter future for the slaves in the society. 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Consumer Buying Behavior for Auchan Retail Company †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Analyze The Impact Of Consumer Buying Behavior On Organizational Performance In Context Of Auchan Retail Company, France. Answer: Research background In the current business scenario, companies are more concerned regarding consumer buying behavior. It aids them to yield information regarding how customers think, feel and choose the products and services. Each individual is a consumer and they take a decision on the basis of different factors such as cultural, social, psychological and personal. Consumer behavior is the study of procedure which entails by the company to assess the purchasing and disposing decision of the customers. It is beneficial to generate positive experience among customers and also satisfy them. Retailing is fast and vast growing industry in France. Retailers not only provide economic benefits but also provide the societal advantages (Armstrong, et. al., 2015). It is a key element ofmarketing in which marketers attain the need of potential customers and deliver the added value for them to grow the business. Research objectives To explore the meaning and concept of consumer buying behavior To identify the relationship between consumer buying behavior and organizational performance: in context of Auchan retail company, France To recommend the strategy to influence the consumer buying behavior towards organization: in context of Auchan retail company, France Research question What are the meaning and concept of consumer buying behavior? What is the relationship between consumer buying behavior and organizational performance? What are the strategies to influence the consumer buying behavior towards organization? Hypotheses/Propositions H0: There is no relationship between consumer buying behavior and organizational performance. H1: There is a relationship between consumer buying behavior and organizational performance. Importance of project This project is beneficial for retail companies to understand the impact of consumer buying behavior on their organizational performance. It is also beneficial for readers to understand the relationship between consumer behavior and organizational performance. This project is also effective for both company and readers to understand the strategies to influence the consumer buying behavior towards organizational performance (Oliver, 2014). Literature review Meaning and concept of consumer buying behavior According to Kim and Park (2013), consumer behavior is a mental procedure which is associated with the emotion of the consumers. Under this procedure, the consumer starts to assess the requirement of product and then discover the strategy to solve the requirement. They also take purchasing decision by planning regarding whether they should buy or solve the needs and then they confirm and implement the plan in their purchasing decision. In support to this, De Medeiros et al. (2014) stated that consumer behavior is a mental procedure that can be changed as the alteration in market, trends and environment. There are different factors which affect the consumer buying behavior such as psychological, cultural, social and personal factors. Relationship between consumer buying behavior and organizational performance According to Horner and Swarbrooke (2016), there is a positive relationship between consumer buying behavior and organizational performance. In this way, it is analyzed that company useseffective marketing strategy to influence the customer towards their products as compared to other competitors. It is also effective for a company to make a long-term relationship with customers as they will always choose the companys products and services. In contrast to this, Homburg et al. (2013) evaluated that company conducts research regarding consumer behavior to assess how, when, and where they should sell their services and goods. For instance, if the company knows about people that they will choose the familiar brands then the company should promote their brand through social media pages and commercial advertisement. Along with this, company spends more time for hanging posters and Facebook and Twitter to endorse their product as it is effective to influence the consumer buying behavior. It is effective to improve the organizational performance. In the view of Martins et al. (2014) demonstrated that consumer behavior enables the company to select what products or service should be produce and deliver. After understanding the consumer behavior, an organization can easily consider the needs that have not been considered by the competitors. For example, if a retail company assesses that a large number of customer shop from stores then it can introduce the online channel for them to shop the products and services. Strategies to influence the consumer buying behavior towards organization According to Malik et al. (2014), the company can use a different strategy to influence the buying behavior of consumer towards the organization. In this way, the company can offer the quality product with unique features to the customers as it would be effective to persuade the consumer buying decision towards their products or services. It can also use competitive pricing strategy as compared to its competitors hence it could be effective to influence a large number of the customer towards their products or services. In support to this, Ali and Ahmad (2016) stated that company can use the effective promotional strategies such as sales discount, coupon code, and free sample offers to influence the buying behavior of consumer towards their products and services as compared to other key market players. It can also use different integrated marketing communication tool to influence the consumer buying behavior such as social media, advertisement, direct marketing, e-mail marketing, indirect marketing and messaging. As a result, it would be beneficial to improve the organizational performance. Hollebeek et al. (2014) exhibited that company can conduct the market research to identify the needs, wants and desires of customers and can implement it in their business process. Consequently, it will influence the buying behavior of consumer towards their products and increase the revenue of the company. The company should also use effective consumer protection regulatory policy to protect the consumers as it would be beneficial to influence them towards their products and services. It should also handle the customer grievance services after purchasing the products as it would be beneficial to influence the consumer buying behavior towards the organization. As a result, the company can generate more productivity. Research methodology This is an essential part of research methodology which depicts certain methods like research design, approaches, philosophies, data gathering process and research type. It is appropriate to obtain the data to resolve the research concern. The key intention of this research is to assess the appropriate tool to overcome the impact of consumer buying behavior of Auchan retail company, France in a significant way. In addition to this, the researcher will exercise different journal articles in the research to improve the reliability of gathered facts and figures (Bolton and Mattila, 2015). Along with this, this strategy could be effective to enhance the superiority and reliability of research outcome. Research Onion Framework This framework contains different tactics like research strategies, approaches, methods that would be implemented by a researcher to pool the facts and figures and attain the research objectives. Along with this, the researcher will implement onion framework to generate knowledge regarding techniques and tools of the research. This onion framework is established by Saunder to build exact knowledge with respect to research techniques (Brodie, et. al., 2013). Consequently, it could be beneficial to enhance the consistency of research outcome in an effective manner. This is also beneficial for a researcher as it will aid to assess techniques and tools as well as build depth knowledge about methodology in a systematic manner. Researcher will use the onion framework to conduct this research (Nuttavuthisit and Thgersen, 2017). The researcher will be completed in below manner: Research philosophy Research philosophy is effective to create logical belief regarding pooling, assessing and evaluating the facts and figures in the project. For this research, the researcher will choose the positivism research philosophy due to generating a hypothesis. It would be beneficial to get reliable and valid outcome about research (berseder, et. al., 2014). Research approach The research will also use the deductive approach in this project due to its relevancy with the interpretivism philosophy. This approach is also depending on general perception and belief of people to obtain the information regarding research issue. This approach will select to generate the hypothesis and then accept and reject by using different theories and data analysis (Raheem, et. al., 2014). Research design Mix research design will be used by a researcher with the intention of this research. This is effective for the researcher as it incorporates the features of both qualitative and quantitative research design. In such case, the researcher will implement the qualitative research design to obtain theoretical data about the impact of consumer behavior on organizational performance. Along with this, researcher will use quantitative research design to assess the responses of respondents (Nuttavuthisit and Thgersen, 2017). Research type For this research, the researcher will use explanatory research type because it would be used to assess the cause and effect relationship between consumer behavior and organizational performance. In contrast to this, the researcher will not use the descriptive research because there is no need to describe the research (Brodie, et. al., 2013). As well as, it will also not use the exploratory research due to not new to study. Sampling A researcher will use probability sampling method for this research. Under this, random sampling technique will be used by the researcher in which respondents will select on a random basis. This sampling will be implemented as it facilitates equal opportunities to each response to give their answers. As a result, it would be effective to declines the biases from the project. Along with this, the researcher will select the 55 customers from different geographical areas of France who shop the products through Auchan Retail Company (Bolton and Mattila, 2015). Data collection techniques The researcher will also use both primary and secondary data gathering process as it would allow the researcher to eliminate the research problem and actual required data. In such case, secondary data can be collected via second-hand information such as journal article, annual report, online and offline sites, genuine websites, academic publications and government report. On the other hand, primary data will be collected by a researcher from conducting the survey on targeted participants as it will obtain the valid as well as reliable data about the impact of consumer buying behavior on organizational performance (Ali, and Ahmad, 2016). Data analysis For analyzing the data, statistical data analysis method will be used by a researcher to measure the pooled facts and figures and interpret it in a significant way. With the intention of data analysis, the researcher will exercise MS-excel software to exhibit the data via bar diagram, pie charts, and column charts. As a result, it will allow the readers to build all-inclusive knowledge with respect to research issue (Martins, et. al., 2014). Project plan The project plan is essential for the researcher to assess the time period of each activity (Malik, et. al., 2014). A better project takes time to execute the all activities effectively to obtain feasible results. For this project, the researcher will follow the below timeline: Research activities that would be performed/Weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Consideration of research issue Gathering reviews from experts Identification of Research Background Assessment of Literature Review Detection of gap in literature review and obtain survey through questionnaire Analysis of information and Writing of report Proof-Reading and Editing Final Submission The above time plan is significant for a researcher to attain the research objective in the predetermined time period. Since, time plan would enable the researcher to build the knowledge regarding research activity completion time. It would be also beneficial for the researcher to do research in given time structure. Bibliography Ali, A., and Ahmad, I. (2016) Environment-friendly products: factors that influence the green purchase intentions of Pakistani consumers,Pakistan Journal of Engineering, Technology and Science,2(1) pp. 1-5. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M., and Brennan, R. (2015)Marketing: an introduction. UK: Pearson Education. Bolton, L. E., and Mattila, A. S. (2015) How does corporate social responsibility affect consumer response to service failure in buyer-seller relationships?,Journal of Retailing,91(1), pp. 140-153. Brodie, R. J., Ilic, A., Juric, B., and Hollebeek, L. (2013) Consumer engagement in a virtual brand community: An exploratory analysis,Journal of Business Research,66(1), pp. 105-114. De Medeiros, J. F., Ribeiro, J. L. D., and Cortimiglia, M. N. (2014) Success factors for environmentally sustainable product innovation: a systematic literature review,Journal of Cleaner Production,65, pp. 76-86. Hollebeek, L. D., Glynn, M. S., and Brodie, R. J. (2014) Consumer brand engagement in social media: Conceptualization, scale development and validation,Journal of interactive marketing,28(2), pp. 149-165. Homburg, C., Stierl, M., and Bornemann, T. (2013) Corporate social responsibility in business-to-business markets: how organizational customers account for supplier corporate social responsibility engagement,Journal of Marketing,77(6), pp. 54-72. Horner, S., and Swarbrooke, J. (2016)Consumer behavior in tourism. UK: Routledge. Kim, S., and Park, H. (2013) Effects of various characteristics of social commerce (s-commerce) on consumers trust and trust performance,International Journal of Information Management,33(2), pp. 318-332. Malik, M. E., Ghafoor, M. M., and Iqbal, H. K. (2014) The impact of advertisement and consumer perception on consumer buying behavior,International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities,6(2), pp. 55-64. Martins, C., Oliveira, T., and Popovi?, A. (2014) Understanding the Internet banking adoption: A unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and perceived risk application,International Journal of Information Management,34(1), pp. 1-13. Nuttavuthisit, K., and Thgersen, J. (2017) The importance of consumer trust for the emergence of a market for green products: The case of organic food,Journal of Business Ethics,140(2), pp. 323-337. berseder, M., Schlegelmilch, B. B., Murphy, P. E., and Gruber, V. (2014) Consumers perceptions of corporate social responsibility: scale development and validation,Journal of Business Ethics,124(1), pp. 101-115. Oliver, R. L. (2014)Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. UK: Routledge. Raheem, A. R., Vishnu, P., and Ahmed, A. M. (2014) Impact of product packaging on consumers buying behavior,European Journal of Scientific Research,122(2), pp. 125-134. Rapp, A., Baker, T. L., Bachrach, D. G., Ogilvie, J., and Beitelspacher, L. S. (2015) Perceived customer showrooming behavior and the effect on retail salesperson self-efficacy and performance,Journal of Retailing,91(2), pp. 358-369. Additional readings Agnihotri, R., Dingus, R., Hu, M. Y., and Krush, M. T. (2016) Social media: Influencing customer satisfaction in B2B sales,Industrial Marketing Management,53, pp. 172-180. Grimmer, M., and Bingham, T. (2013) Company environmental performance and consumer purchase intentions,Journal of Business Research,66(10), pp. 1945-1953. Yoshida, M., James, J. D., and Cronin, J. J. (2013) Sports event innovativeness: Conceptualization, measurement, and its impact on consumer behavior,Sports Management Review,16(1), pp. 68-84.

The Role of Paradigms Changes

Scientific revolutions can be discussed as the complex changes of paradigms, and these large scale changes are the results of crises in the scientific world which lead to altering the perspective from which the world of science is perceived by researchers. While discussing the significance and role of the scientific revolution for a scientist, Thomas Kuhn states, â€Å"though the world does not change with a change of paradigm, the scientist afterward works in a different world† (Kuhn, cited in Curd Psillos 2008, p. 242).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Paradigms’ Changes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, Kuhn’s idea can be discussed from two opposite perspectives. On the one hand, accepting a revolutionary paradigm, scientists work in a different world because the new paradigm rejects the old one, and it is necessary to focus on new connections, objects, content, and acc eptable solutions to scientific questions. Moreover, the shift to the new paradigm means significant changes in the scientists’ perception of the world, and in their scientific ‘imagination’; thus, the focus on the new paradigm means changes in the scientists’ world view that is why the world becomes different. On the other hand, Kuhn’s words can be discussed as rather metaphorical because the change of paradigms cannot mean the change in the world structures, as a result, the scientist often applies new scientific principles to the phenomena studied previously, but the world itself cannot change for individuals and scientists. To discuss and evaluate Kuhn’s words in detail, it is necessary to concentrate on the nature of the scientific revolution as the change of paradigms. According to Kuhn, â€Å"scientific revolutions are here taken to be those non-cumulative developmental episodes in which an older paradigm is replaced in whole or in pa rt by an incompatible new one† (Curd, Cover, Pincock 2013, p. 79). These shifts are typical for the â€Å"normal science† because non-science does not operate instruments necessary for realising such a shift (Curd, Cover, Pincock 2013, p. 12). Although the shift of paradigms relates only to the scientific world, it is a revolution which is similar in its aspects to any political revolution (Curd, Cover, Pincock 2013, p. 80). If the existing paradigm cannot satisfy the scientists’ needs any more, the new paradigm to respond to the observed changes and processes is developed, and a kind of the scientific crisis is observed, the revolution becomes the expected result of the mentioned processes’ development.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Scientific revolutions as the changes of paradigms also lead to changes in the scientists’ perceptions of the wor ld and explanations of its processes, and it is possible to speak about the specific scientific world discussed by Kuhn. The revolutionary paradigm traditionally develops with the help of instruments and vocabulary used within the previous paradigm. Kuhn states that â€Å"paradigms provide scientists not only with a map but also with some of the directions essential for map-making† (Curd, Cover, Pincock 2013, p. 92). Moreover, â€Å"the reception of a new paradigm often necessitates a redefinition of the corresponding science† (Curd, Cover, Pincock 2013, p. 87). As a result, objects and instruments round the scientist can be changed or unchanged, but the scientist’s perception of this world alters significantly because the world based on new connections and observed from a different perspective also becomes different for the scientist (Curd, Cover, Pincock 2013, p. 87). Furthermore, rejecting a traditional paradigm, a scientist can also reject a set of questi ons which were important in the context of the old paradigm, but now the questions and problems which are important to be discussed are new as well as the ways to see the world and resolve these questions (Gower 1997, p. 245). The scientist has to operate within a different scientific world where new questions are asked, new connections between objects are observed, and new approaches are used to examine this world. The idea of the different world is closely associated with the idea of the new world view which is followed by the supporter of the new paradigm. According to Kuhn, â€Å"the proponents of competing paradigms practice their trades in different worlds† because the scientists look at scientific questions through different lens (Kuhn, cited in Naugle 2002, p. 202). In spite of the fact that the scientist who realised the scientific revolution saw the world as the follower of the previous paradigm during a long period of time, the situation of the paradigm shift makes this scientist see the world absolutely differently, and the promoters of the new paradigm often cannot find the place for them within the traditional theoretic framework (Curd, Cover, Pincock 2013, p. 87). In this case, it is possible to speak about the â€Å"displacement of the conceptual network through which scientists view the world† (Curd, Cover, Pincock 2013, p. 87). While explaining these aspects of the scientific revolution, Kuhn refers to the results of the transition from Newtonian mechanics to Einsteinian mechanics which can illustrate the issue clearly (Curd, Cover, Pincock 2013, p. 83). The new paradigm provides scientists with the new lens and new world view to work in the scientific world. Kuhn’s approach to the effect of the new paradigm’s development on changing the world for scientists can also be evaluated with references to Kuhn’s notion of incommensurability (Gower 1997, p. 245).Advertising We will write a custom essay sampl e on The Role of Paradigms’ Changes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Following the criterion of incommensurability, it is possible to interpret the world and its processes according to different paradigms, and those scientists who follow various paradigms can be equally right because they live and operate within absolutely different paradigms, as a result, these scientists operate in different worlds because the environments round them develop according to the laws of the concrete paradigm (Babich 2003, p. 78; Naugle 2002, p. 202). The criterion of incommensurability is also used to explain the conceptual changes followed by those scientists who have to work in a different world while applying new conceptions and hypotheses to the objects of the real life (Chins 1998, p. 38). Experiencing the shift in paradigms, scientists not only investigate different worlds, but they also perceive these worlds differently because now the fol lowers of the revolutionary paradigm know the new way of the world’s development. However, it is also possible to refer to the opinion that Kuhn’s words about the scientists’ work in a different world are rather metaphorical because the world does not change with the shift to the new paradigm, and scientists have to apply the newly developed principles to the existing phenomena to explain them with the focus on the new theoretical framework. As a result, scientists stay to live in the familiar world, but they begin to concentrate on their attempts to explain this world’s processes with the help of revolutionary theories. That is why, Kuhn’s words about the â€Å"different world† in which the scientist should work can be discussed as reasonable only with the focus on the follower of the revolutionary paradigm and only in the context of the specific scientific world which differs from the other people’ world in terms of emphasizing the laws according to which the world phenomena develop (Curd Psillos 2008, p. 243). The problem of evaluating Kuhn’s words is closely associated with the idea of differentiation between the traditional understanding of the concept of world and the notion of scientific world. If Kuhn’s words raise a lot of questions while focusing on the world concept in general, Kuhn’s idea about the â€Å"different world† seems to be reasonable while focusing only on the specific scientific world where the change of paradigms influences the scientists’ perceptions of the whole world and its processes. In spite of the fact that there are two possible perspectives appropriate to discuss and evaluate Kuhn’s words, it is relevant to focus on Kuhn’s idea of the scientific world’s existence instead of discussing his words with references to the general impact of the paradigm shift on the world’s development.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, Kuhn focuses on a scientist who is expected to operate in a different world after the situation of the paradigm shift because this scientist accepts a new vision of the world and its processes, and this conception or the theoretical framework can change significantly from the paradigm which was previously followed. However, the change of paradigms does not mean the absolute replacement of one paradigm by the other more revolutionary vision of scientific laws. As a result, different scientists as the followers of various paradigms are expected to live and operate within different worlds because of the changes in the world views or perceptions. From this point, it is possible to conclude that the scientific revolution primarily affects the way according to which the scientist can see and analyze the world. Thus, the paradigm shift is the problem which is closely associated with the idea of the scientists’ perception. Reference List Babich, B 2003, ‘From Fleckâ€℠¢s Denkstil to Kuhn’s paradigm: conceptual schemes and incommensurability’, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol. 17. no. 1, pp. 75-92. Chins, M 1998, ‘Kuhn: realist or antirealist?’, Principia, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 37-59. Curd, M, Cover, J, Pincock, C 2013, Philosophy of science: the central issues, Norton Company, USA. Curd, M Psillos, S 2008, The Routledge companion to philosophy of science, Routledge, USA. Gower, B 1997, Scientific method: A historical and philosophical introduction, Psychology Press, USA. Naugle, D 2002, Worldview: the history of a concept, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA. This essay on The Role of Paradigms’ Changes was written and submitted by user Rey D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.